议论文说明文及任务型阅读理解讲义

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教师： 刘艳省 学生： 郭媛丽 时间 2014 年 月 日 时段： 课 题 议论文，说明文及任务型阅读理解做题技巧 教学内容 一、英语阅读文体类型简析 阅读是一种理解、吸收、鉴赏、评价文章的思维过错。完成这个思维过程，则需要经过认知、分析、综合、理解、记忆、感受、判断等程序。文体类别不同，决定着叙述风格的差异。掌握文体风格，识别文章叙述结构，对正确领悟文章主旨有极大的帮助。高考英语阅读常见的文体类型有：记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文。记叙文体又可细分为小说、时文报道、人物传记及轶闻趣事。阅读时如能弄清文体类型，能了解把握文体结构和写作特征，对我们更快、更准地把脉作者的写作思路、理解作者的写作意图有极大的帮助。 [1]、记叙文。 英语记叙文以描写叙述为主，主要描写人物、事件、地点、或过程。特点是，其主题往往潜伏在字里行间，没有直接地表白出来；文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼。描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。阅读记叙文体应采取掠读和扫读的方法，快速抓住文中描写的主要内容，从整体上去把握文章的连贯性，进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。 [2]、议论文。 英语议论文通常为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，遇到议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题 1 龙文教育·教务管理部

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句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。 就议论文而言，其论证的常见结构方式有： 1，总分式 2，并列式 3，递进式 4，对照式

总---分；分----总；总----分---总； 几个论据之间属于平等关系； 几个论据之间属于递进关系

把两种事物加以对比，以彰显其中一种；

议论文，有论点，有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判定能力。

英语文章讲究使用主题段或主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头交待该段的中心意思，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。主题句也可能在中间或末尾，由全段展开讨论后归纳总结出来。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，为了深化主题，作者可能用许多方法来写。议论文的阅读和其它体裁的文章阅读一样，可以有以下几种出题方式：1。主旨大意；2。细节理解；3。推理判定等；4。词义理解。

1．主旨大意题。主旨大意题是专门检查对短文整体理解程度的。每篇文章都有主题句表明其主题(中心)思想。常见的问题有：

(1) From the passage we know that ______. (2) The best title of the passage should be ______. (3) The main idea of the Paragraph is to _______. (4) The main purpose of the passage is to _______.

(5) Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?

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在回答此类问题时，要找出文章的主题句，这些主题句经常在短文的开头或结尾处，在这两个地方很轻易找到它们。那些错误的答案干扰项有的太笼统，有的则太具体，片面，不能恰当地反映短文的中心思想。

2．细节理解题。细节题主要是检查与主题思想有关的细节。常见的问题形式有： (1) According to the passage, the author mentions _______. (2) Which of the following does the author discuss? (3) Choose the right order of the events.

细节问题询问的是作者说了些什么，其答案在本文中已明确表述过，此时最好的办法就是在文中找出相关的细节，虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not 或except等表示否定意义的词，则要更加留意。

3．推理判定题。推理判定题主要是提问那些在文中未说明，但已特殊暗示的内容。题目的要求常是这样的：

(1) This article is particularly written for ______. (2) The writer is trying to tell us ______.

(3) When the writer says----, he really means ______. (4) The writer regards -----as ______.

(5) The writer’s attitude toward ----is _______.

做推理判定题时，要透过字里行间把握文章的真正内涵，客观地反映文章的思想，克服主观臆想。特殊留意那些最能反映句子之间，段落之间的逻辑关系的连词。深刻而正确地把握文章 的重点内容。 4．词义理解题。英语词语的词意非常丰富，语境不同，词意也不同，要专心揣摩在上下文中的含义。 常见的问题形式有：

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(1) The author uses the word “……” to mean ______. (2) According to the passage , “……” probably means _____ (3) The word “……” in paragraph ---- refers to _______. (4) The underlined word “……” means ______. (5) The underlined phrase “……” means _____.

词义理解题中的词往往一词多义，可以采用利用上下文中说话者的语气推测其意义；在特定的语境中，进行逻辑推理的方式也可以获得合理的信息。 总之，上述关于议论文阅读理解的方法与技巧看起来挺费时，但事实上相反，只要我们平时练习时多加留意，形成习惯，这种方法则会成为我们阅读理解最省时，最可靠的一种。 [3]、说明文。

英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份，说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法： 1，定义与诠释说明； 2，举例与引用说明； 3，分类与图表说明；、 4，比较与比喻说明； 5，分析与综合说明；

就高考英语说明文的阅读而言，首先要抓住文章说明的要点，也就是要抓住被说明对象的实质性特征；弄清作者从哪个角度、哪个层面开始说明；并明白文章最后的说明结论。高考说明文阅读材料通常介绍最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清短文结构及段落中心思想是答题关键。

说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原

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中小学1对1课外辅导专家 因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。 无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。 因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 [4]、应用文。 英语应用文属于实用型文体，如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解，弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取速读与精读相结合的方法，力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。 在英语阅读训练中，应充分了解文章的不同类型及不同的写作手段，以便更有效地提升对文章内涵的把握程度不同，从而在有限的时间内抓住文章的脉搏，获取准确信息，以此提高阅读答题的准确率；如果对文体风格和结构层次具有深度了解，就能跳出文章来看问题，就能站在一个较高的平台上审视文章内容，就能在一片丛林里找寻到真正的“果子”。 任务型阅读复习指导 浙江省的任务型阅读采用了“六选五”型小标题配伍题型。该题型较好地贯彻了浙江省高考英语《考试说明》的指导思想：在考查学生英语语言知识和技能的同时，侧重考查学生综合运用语言获取信息、 5 龙文教育·教务管理部

中小学1对1课外辅导专家 处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。尤其侧重于考查学生语篇综合理解能力和归纳概括能力。 一、题型特点 浙江卷采用该题型已有四年，现将三年高考真题的特点列表分析如下： 词 年 份 数 2011 526 议论文 团队协作 2012 591 说明文 如何让你的生活简单化 2013 524 议论文 不要拖沓——今日事今日毕 通过上表可知，浙江卷任务型阅读的选材有如下特点： 1. 篇幅：在500-600词之间，文章比较长； 2. 体裁：主要为议论文和说明文，一般不考记叙文，因为记叙文多按故事情节展开，而不是分要点展开； 3. 话题：话题贴近学生生活，时代感强。常见的话题有：日常生活、学生生活、学习方法与技巧、环境保护、人际关系、科普知识等； 4. 文章结构：所选文章多为“总——分”型，即：文章一般由两大部分组成：引子 +正文，正文部分则由五个部分组成，每个部分均由“小标题+说明”组成，各部分的说明是对小标题的阐释或论证。 需要特别说明的是，2013年该题型为选择每段的首句，而不再是子标题。其实，各段首句也就是本段主题句，相当于本段落的子标题。 二、真题实例分析 2013年高考英语浙江卷 体 裁 话 题 6 龙文教育·教务管理部

中小学1对1课外辅导专家 下面文章中有5个段落需要添加首句 (第61~65题)。请从以下选项(A、B、C、D、E和F) 选出适合各段落的首句。选项中有一项是多余选项。 A. Time can run out. B. Tomorrow won’t be better. C. Ideas need time to develop. D. Your professor will be impatient. E. You blow off your chances for help. F. You are probably overestimating (高估) the pain. Never Put off Tomorrow What You Can Do Today Want to put off studying for the physics test? Or writing that thirty-five-page research paper on future uses of biotechnology? Sure you do? And who wouldn’t? But it’s still a silly idea to put off doing something until a future time. Here is why ... 61. The task will be still the same. It won’t be any more fun and you still won’t want to do it. As the deadline gets closer and closer, the task seems to become larger and larger if you haven’t started the work. And the stress increases. Now not only do you have to write that paper, you have to do it under great pressure. 62. Before you start, it seems that the task is unlikely to be accomplished. But you know what? You’re probably miscalculating. Get started — maybe on a small piece — and you will discover that you have more resources and know more about the subject than you thought. Result? You won’t experience nearly as much suffering as you expected to. Things are guaranteed — 100 percent — to get better. 7 龙文教育·教务管理部

中小学1对1课外辅导专家 63. If you leave your work before the night before it’s due, you give up the possibility of getting input from your professor. Professors regularly give advice — or at least a few useful tips — during office hours. Unfortunately though, they don’t usually hold office hours at midnight, so you will be out of luck when you discover the night before the midterm that you have no idea how to do the questions that will count for two-thirds of your grade. 64. Ever wonder why the professor assigns the paper two weeks before it’s due? It’s because he or she expects you to be thinking about the issue, or doing the research, for two weeks. No, not every waking moment, but at least some of the time. After all, the professor could just as easily have given the assignment one week before it was due if he or she expected less thinking. Most college papers require you to have some kind of idea, then to spend some time thinking about it, revising it, and polishing it. When you throw together a paper or a report at the last minute, your ideas are half-baked. And your professor will know it. 65. If you put things off at the last minute, you might find that you haven’t budgeted enough minutes to finish the necessary tasks. It’s the easiest thing in the world to miscalculate how long it will take to do all the work especially when new issues arise — like illness, family problems, computer breakdowns, trouble at work, and all the other things — as you are thinking through your paper argument or preparing yourself for the coming test. If you keep delaying, you don’t allow yourself time for those various life events that have an adverse (不利的) effect on your ability to complete your assignment. [来源:Z.xx.k.Com] 有些学生喜欢拖延，岂不知明日复明日，明日何其多。文章从五个方面论述了不能将今日事拖延至明日，应该今日事今日毕。 61. B。通读本段可知，本段从两个层面展开讨论：1. (前两句) 任务依旧在那里，需要做，不会变 8 龙文教育·教务管理部

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得有趣，你依旧不愿做；2. (后三句) 越往后推，工作任务越发显得沉重，压力也就越大，你将需要在承受巨大压力之下完成任务。显然，本段讨论的角度是：向后拖延并不会带来什么好处。

62. F。根据it seems that the task is unlikely to be accomplished以及You won’t experience nearly as much suffering as you expected to可知，本段讨论的是你可能因为高估了困难而拖延，其实，完成任务并没有你想象的那么难。

63. E。根据you give up the possibility of getting input from your professor以及you will be out of luck可知，本段分论点为：把事情放到最后一刻去做，将会丧失获得帮助的机会。本段论述方式为举例说明，例子为大学生如果把课业留在最后一刻，将会失去得到教授指导的机会。D项有一定干扰性，但本段只是说晚上教授一般不工作，并没有说教授会失去耐心。

64. C。根据本段中出现的two weeks, not every waking moment, but at least some of the time, one week, at the last minute等可知，本段讨论的话题与时间相关。选项中有两个选项与时间有关：A项和C项。A项说的是“时间会随着拖延而流失”，显然不是本段讨论的内容。C项说的是“想法需要时间不断提升”，与本段内容吻合。

65. A。本段空格后的第一句：如果人们习惯于将事情推到最后一刻去做，将可能发现没有预留出足够的时间来完成要做的事情。最后一句：生活中总是会有阻碍完成工作的各种事情发生，如果你有 拖延的习惯，你将不会有时间去应付。显然，本段讨论的是拖延到最后时刻，很容易导致时间不够用。

三、解题步骤及方法指导 本题型可以按以下步骤解题：

第一步：阅读所提供的选项，推测文章主旨。考生应先浏览所提供的选项，利用这些信息激活与文章主题相关的背景知识，同时根据所提供的选项去推测文章的内容，预测所要概括段落的内容。

第二步：分段阅读，各个击破。读每段话时，要注意其中的关键信息句与关键信息词，关键信息

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句与关键信息词可能出现在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落中间和段落的末尾，建议考生在阅读过程中划出段落主题句和关键信息词，阅读时应综合考虑整个段落，要能准确迅速提取出概括主旨的信息，初步确定一个能概括该段主旨大意的选项。一般来说，段落的关键信息句与关键信息词往往就体现出了该段的主旨大意，但命题人可能会对关键信息句换一种说法，或者用关键信息词的同义（近义）词以及同根词作为段落的主旨概括选项，这时候要看清选项真正的意思，灵活处理信息，做出正确选择。同时还要注意分析段落的层次结构，注意段落的行文方式，特别是要注意段落行文过程话题和意义的转换，谨防出现以偏概全和错误概括的问题，考生一定要读完每个段落，因为有些段落的主旨会出现在段落的结尾。

本阶段应注意以下事项：

1. 认真比较选项的异同，确定各选项的关键词语，如2013年试题的A项和C项均涉及到time，但A项的重点在于run out，C项则为Ideas develop。D. Your professor will be impatient.的关键词是impatient；E. You blow off your chances for help.的关键词是chances for help；F. You are probably overestimating the pain.的关键词是overestimating the pain。

2. 使用过的选项要做出标记，这样，剩下的选项就会不断减少，后面段落答案的确定就可以大大减少用时。建议直接使用其适用空白处的题号标记，简单明了。多余选项予以排除后，可作特殊标记，以示区别。

确定各空答案的方法：

1. 高频词汇关联法。一个段落围绕某一话题展开，必然会大量使用与该话题关联的词汇。如上述64题一段出现了two weeks，not every waking moment, but at least some of the time，one week，at the last minute等大量与time相关的词汇，由此可知，本段讨论的话题与时间相关。从而可确定A项和C项的可能性最大。

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2. 利用复现关系解题法。复现是行文不可避免要使用的一种词汇衔接手段，它通过原词、同 (近) 义词、概括词等形式重复某一概念，从而使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。如上述63题，该段中的you give up the possibility of getting input from your professor实际上与E项You blow off your chances for help同义，属于复现关系。

复现包括原词复现、同根词复现、同(近)义复现、反义复现、上下义词复现和解释型复现。 3. 概括总结法。对于那些无法通过上述方法解答的试题，恐怕我们就只能通过细读段落内容，概括总结出其主旨大意，然后再在选项中找到合适的选项。如65题，我们就无法通过高频词语关联法或利用复现关系解题，此时，我们可认真阅读，自己总结段落大意。 第三步：复核答案。复核时，重点关注未被选的干扰项，防止出现错选。 2014高考

第二节：下面文章中有5 个段落需要添加首句（第61?65题）。请从以下选项（A、B、C、D、E 和 F) 中

选出适合各段落的首句，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。 A. Be a good listener. B. Care about the details.

C. Strike up a conversation. D. Make time for friendships. E. Reach out to the newcomers. F. Avoid causing inconveniences.

Develop Better Relationships with Neighbors

Good neighbors are a lot like electricity or running water： we don’t know how much we depend on them until we don’t have them. They make our lives more pleasant and give us a sense of who we are, both as an individual and as a member of the community. Here’s how to develop your relationships with these very important people in your life.

61._____ Often neighbors don’t even know each other’s names. But it’s okay to be the one to break the ice, even if you’ve lived next door for years. Most neighbors enjoy making small talk with the folks on the other side of the fence. So as you see them at work in their yards，smile, wave，and say hello. Ask how their kids are (whether they’re babies or in college) , whether they could use an extra cucumber from your garden, or what they think of

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the prices at the local supermarket.

62. _____ These days, the old Welcome Wagon is a thing of the past. But your new neighbors may be feeling lonely and unsure, especially if they’re far from home, and might appreciate a friendly face bearing fresh-chocolate cakes. If they have kids, tell them where the children in the neighborhood live. Recommend the places to eat and shop. Invite them over for coffee or tea when they get settled, give them your number

point to your house as you say good-bye.

63. _____ Return anything that you borrow from a neighbor，such as tools, in good repair and as soon as you’re finished with them. Replace anything that belongs to your neighbor that you, your children, or your pets break or soil. Make sure that your car is not blocking their doorway. Such random acts of consideration will have neighbors talking — and the talk will be good.

64. _____ If you value a friendly relationship with your neighbors, spend time with them. What better way to your neighbors than to invite them to an informal barbecue, pool party, or holiday open house? Better yet might even consider throwing a get-together in their honor. Deliver the invitations in person to everyone who lives on your street and chat with each for five minutes before moving on to the next house. This way，you will get idea of what your neighbors are like so that you can plan for appropriate food and music.

65. _____ In a good relationship it’s really the little things that count. Help to bring in the mail for the elderly neighbor when there is a heavy rain. When your neighbor forgets to take in his rubbish cans, roll them back his yard. If you’re truly concerned, you’ll know when your neighbor needs some cheering up — a bunflowers or a helping hand when it’s needed. All it takes to develop your relationship with neighbors is the respect for their feelings.

2012高考

第二节 下面文章中有5处（第61~65题）需要添加小标题，请从以下选项中选出符合各段意思的小标题，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑,选项中一项为多余选项.

A. Slow Down Your Life B. Escape Now and Then C. Separate Your Actions

D. Allow Yourself to Be Weak

E. Relieve Pressure by Firmly Saying \" No\"

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F. Stop Expecting Everything to Be Perfect

How to Simplify Your Life

Less is more. This is why we say: reduce things by half instead of doubling them, get rid of junk instead of piling it up, relax instead of stressing, slow down instead of speeding up. Apply these principles in your everyday life in a conscious way. You will then find yourself well along on your journey to simplification. 61. ___

When you concentrate on one task, you find you have energy that you didn't even know you had. Just imagine: you arc at a fair and you have to carry two heavy pigs over 100 yards. If you keep grabbing one and then the other, it will take forever, because one of them will keep slipping out from under your arm and running off. But if you tie one pig in a place, pick up the other, gather all your strength and make a dash for the finish line, pause for a moment, run bock and get the other one, and with great determination, carry the second pig to the finish line, then you can be sure of succcss. 62. ______

The pressure at work is on the increase in all occupations. In the modem nuclear family, the expectations that formerly would have been shared among all the relatives are now concentrated on the individual partner. If you have the feeling that 24 hours per day are not enough for nil the things you need to do, then it’s not because the day has too few hours, but because you have too many activities. A simple fact that overloaded people often tend to forget. The solution is equally simple; refuse to accept so many work assignments in your private life or your working life. 63. ___

“I can handle stress” is regarded as a positive statement in the world of work. People who can handle stress are given more and more to cope with — until one day they break.

Pay careful attention to the signs that tell you that you arc under more stress than you can cope with. These signals came from various areas of life. You become ill, or your work efficiency decreases.

If you have any of these symptoms, change your life goals and decrease your tolerance of stress. Say quite openly, \"I can't manage that. \" 64. ___

\"If only I were slimmer, more beautiful, richer, more clever, then I would be happier. \" This is a dream that makes a lot of people ill, depressed, and unhappy. Life has its flaws, defects, comets, and edges. Only those who accept this reality can lead a really full life.

Of course there are activities in which errors are dangerous; driving a car, crossing the road. But life doesn't consist entirely of these things. In among them there is a lot of room for small and large mistakes. 65. ___

Successful people ail have their own places where they can withdraw in order to work. Find out which places improve your creativity. For me it's the train. When I know that I'm going to be traveling for four hours without phone calls and people knocking on my door, I find my mind is free and I can read or write complex articles. There can be problems working on the train, of course: if the person sitting opposite you keeps talking away, or if train trips make you tired (some people fall asleep after a few miles).

议论文

9.【2012福建卷】

E篇

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Holidays are really important. Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways.

But holidays are expensive and, for those on low wages or living on benefits, they are often unobtainable. Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet.

For working parents, the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare. When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks, there is a need to spread this across the year. Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday. For some ’ this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult.

The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment. The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day. Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support. Schools also have an important role in sofeguaiding children's welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils. During the long summer holidays, much of this is missed.

While teachers are holidaying in the UK, many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live. The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning.

In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委员会)is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down lo four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break. We believe this will give real “down time\" for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning.

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We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities. However, this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care.

71. The passage is probably written by . A. an experienced teacher B. a working parent C. an inspired student D. a city council member

72. The underlined word \"they\" in the second paragraph refers to \" ’. A. environments B. holidays C. wages D. benefits

73. It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to . A. 2 weeks B. 4.5 weeks C. 5 weeks D. 6 weeks

74. The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students_____ . A. obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costs B. get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in school C. benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment D. have more school days to receive free school meals 75. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.

A. working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their children B. the suggested plans for a five-term school year can hardly be carried out C. the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real \"down time\" D. some school staff will say “ No\" to the plans for a shorter summer holiday

【2012全国II】 (C)

Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman’s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper.

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Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don’t smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.

Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.

It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.

49. What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.? A. Love. B. Politeness. C. Joy. D. Thankfulness.

50. The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can ___ . A. show friendliness to strangers B. be used to hide true feelings C. be used in the wrong places D. show personal habits 51. What should we do before attempting to “read” people? A. Learn about their relations with others. B. Understand their cultural backgrounds. C. Find out about their past experience. D. Figure out what they will do next. 52. What would be the best title for the test? A. Cultural Differences B. Smiles and Relationship C. Facial Expressiveness D. Habits and Emotions 【2012浙江卷】

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C

Two friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, \"In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence\". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?

First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.

Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control. After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.

Finally, students need f. consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.

There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, \"64 percent of

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the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves\". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. 50. This article is mainly about .

A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts 51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ . A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily

D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight

52. Why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in Paragraph 5? A. To find out who to blame. B. To get ready to buy new things. C. To make clear what the real issue is. D. To figure out how to stop the shouting match.

53. After the conflict resolution program was started in Atlanta, it was found that______. A. there was a decrease in classroom violence B. there was less student cooperation in the classroom C. more teachers fell better about themselves in schools D. the teacher-student relationship greatly improved 54. The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to_______. A. complain about problems in school education B. teach students different strategies for school life C. advocate teaching conflict management in schools D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence

说明文

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【2012湖北卷】

D

How is it that siblings (兄弟姐妹) can turn out so differently? One answer is that in fact each sibling grows up in a different family. The firstborn is, for a while, an only child, and therefore has a completely different experience of the parents than those born later. The next child is, for a while, the youngest, until the situation is changed by a new arrival. The mother and father themselves are changing and growing up too. One sibling might live in a stable and close family in the first few years; another might be raised in a family crisis, with a disappointed mother or an angry father.

Sibling competition was identified as an important shaping force as early as in 1918. But more recently, researchers have found many ways in which brothers and sisters are a lasting force in each others’ lives. Dr. Annette Henderson says firstborn children pick up vocabulary more quickly than their siblings. The reason for this might be that the later children aren’t getting the same one-on-one time with parents. But that doesn’t mean that the younger children have problems with language development. Later-borns don’t enjoy that much talking time with parents, but instead they harvest lessons from bigger brothers and sisters, learning entire phrases and getting an understanding of social concepts such as the difference between “I” and “me”.

A Cambridge University study of 140 children found that siblings created a rich world of play that helped them grow socially. Love-hate relationships were common among the children. Even those siblings who fought the most had just as much positive communication as the other sibling pairs.

One way children seek more attention from parents is by making themselves different from their siblings, particularly if they are close in age. Researchers have found that the first two children in a family are typically more different from each other than the second and third. Girls with brothers show their differences to a maximum degree by being more feminine than girls with sisters. A 2003 research paper studied adolescents from 185 families over two years, finding that those who changed to make themselves different from their siblings were successful in increasing the amount of warmth they gained from their parents.

63. The underlined part “in a different family” (in Para. 1) means “_______”. A. in a different family environment

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B. in a different family tradition C. in different family crises D. in different families

64. In terms of language development, later-borns ________. A. get their parents’ individual guidance B. learn a lot from their elder siblings C. experience a lot of difficulties D. pick up words more quickly

65. What was found about fights among siblings? A. Siblings hated fighting and loved playing. B. Siblings in some families fought frequently. C. Sibling fights led to bad sibling relationships. D. Siblings learned to get on together from fights. 66. The word “feminine” (in Para. 4) means “_______”. A. having qualities of parents B. having qualities of women C. having defensive qualities D. having extraordinary qualities

11.【2012江西卷】

C

Big Brothers Big Sisters is based on the simplicity and power of friendship．It is a program which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people (ages 7-17) with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend.

Volunteer tutors come from all walks of life—married, single, with or without children. Big Brothers and Big Sisters are not replacement parents or social workers. They are tutors: someone to trust, to have fun with, to talk and go to when needed.

A Big Sister and Little Sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months. They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park, cooking,

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playing sport or going to a football match. These activities improve the friendship and help the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction.

Big Brothers Big Sisters organizations exist throughout the world. It is the large and most well-known provider of tutor services internationally and has been operating for 25 years.

Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008. Emily is a 10-year-old girl who has experienced some difficulties being accepted by her schoolmates at school. “ I was pretty sure there was something wrong with me.”

Emily’s mum came across Big Brothers Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback (反馈) about herself other than just relying on schoolmates to measure her self-worth.

Sarah wanted to get involved in a volunteer program. “I googled it and found out how to be a part of it. I thought it would be fun for me to get involved in making time to do something because sometimes it is all work and no play.”

Big Brothers Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! 66．What is the aim of Big Brothers Big Sisters?

A．To offer students public services． B．To help students improve their grades． C．To organize sport activities for young people． D．To provide partnership and fun for young people．

67．A volunteer is usually expected to work within a year for at least______．

A．24 hours

B．36 hours

C．48 hours

D．72 hours

68．According to Emily’s mother, this program may provide Emily with______．

A．advice from her teachers

C．a new way to judge her schoolmates

B．a new way to assess herself

D．more comments from her schoolmates

69．Why did Sarah want to get involved in the program?

A．She used to be a volunteer. C．She felt a bit bored with her life.

B．She needed a part-time job. D．She wanted to get a challenging job.

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70．According to the passage, “vulnerable young people” are probably those who are _________.

A．popular at school C．easily hurt emotionally

B．rather weak physically D．confident in themselves

12.【2012山东卷】

C

San Francisco has its cable cars. Seattle has its Space Needle. And, Longview has its squirrel bridge. The bridge, which has attracted international attention, is now a local landmark.

The Nutty Narrows Bridge was built in 1963 by a local builder, Amos Peters, to give squirrels a way to cross the busy road without getting flattened by passing cars.

The original bridge was built over Olympia Way on the west edge of the library grounds. Before the bridge was built, squirrels had to avoid traffic to and from the Park Plaza office building where office staff put out a nutty feast for the squirrels. Many times, Peters and others who worked in and near Park Plaza witnessed squirrels being run over.

One day Peters found a dead squirrel with a nut still in its mouth, and that day’s coffee break discussion turned into squirrel safety. The group of businessmen cooked up the squirrel bridge idea and formed a committee to ask the blessing of the City Council(市政会).The Council approved, and Councilwoman Bess LaRiviere named the bridge “Nutty Narrows.”

After architects designed the bridge, Amos Peters and Bill Hutch started Construction, They built the 60-foot bridge from aluminum and lengths of fire hose(消防水带). It cost 1,000.

It didn’t take long before reports of squirrels using the bridge started. Squirrels were even seen guiding their young and teaching them the ropes. The story was picked up by the media, and Nutty Narrows became know in newspapers all over the world.

In 1983, after 20 years of use, Peters took down the worn-out bridge. Repairs were made and crosspieces were replaced. The faded sign was repainted and in July 1983, hundreds of animal lovers attended the completion ceremony of the new bridge.

Peters died in 1984, and a ten-foot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project.

67. The Nutty Narrows Bridge was built in order to ________. A. offer squirrels a place to eat nuts

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B. set up a local landmark C. help improve traffic D. protect squirrels

68. What happened over the coffee break discussion? A. The committee got the Council’s blessing. B. The squirrel bridge idea was born C. A councilwoman named the bridge D. A squirrel was found dead.

69. What does the underlined phrase “teaching them the ropes” probably means in the text? A. passing them a rope

B. Directing them to store food for winter

D. Showing them how to use the bridge.

C. Teaching them a lesson

70. Which of the following is true of the squirrel bridge? A. It was replaced by a longer one. C. it was rebuilt after years of use 71. What can we learn about Amos Peters? A. He is remembered for his love of animals. B. He donated $1,000 to build the bridge C. He was a member of the City Council

D. He was awarded a medal for building the bridge.

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B. It was built from wood and metal

D. It was designed by Bill Hutch.

中小学1对1课外辅导专家

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