The Trial That Rocked the World
John Scopes
目的/重点
Aims of teaching
1. the comprehension of the text and the mastery of the important language points 2. the paraphrase of certain complicated or difficult sentences 3. the enlargement of the students' vocabulary
4. the familiarization with the styles of composition and devices of figuration
课文内容
The Trial That Rocked the World
John Scopes
A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on thatsweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for theprosecution was William Jennings Bryan, thesilver-tongued orator , three times Democraticnominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.
A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcer s, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jurytrial. \"Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks,\" Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.
The case had eruptedround my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin -- that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.
Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of \"any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible.\" The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin's theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local
people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.
\"Rappelyea is right,\" I told them.
\"Then you have been violating the law,\" one of them Said.
\"So has every other teacher,\" I replied. \"Evolution is explained in Hunter's Civic Biology, and that's our textbook.\" Rappelyea then made a suggestion. \"Let's take this thing to court,\" he said, \"and test the legalityof it.\"
When I was indictedon May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipatedthat my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U. S Supreme Court if necessary to establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail.\" Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renownedlawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.
By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circusatmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festoonedwith banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sproutedwithricketystands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons.Evangelists set up tents to exhortthe passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the \"infidel outsiders\" Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.
The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: \"I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer jedge.\" Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome andmagnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholicand Hays a Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.
The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. As my father growled, \"That's one hell of a jury!\"
After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. \"My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for,\" Darrow drawled. \"I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance andbigotryare , and it is a mighty strong combination.\"
Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. \"Today it is the teachers, \"he continued, \"and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture
to the human mind. \"
\"That damned infidel,\" a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address. The following day the prosecution began calling wit-nesses against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses, dogs and cats.
\"He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?\" Darrow asked.
\"No, sir,\" the youngster said. \"He said man had reasoning power.\" \"There is some doubt about that,\" Darrow snorted.
After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. The issue was simple, he declared \"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.\" The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.
\"The Bible,\" he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, \" is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as par t of a divine plan.\"
As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst intoapplauseand shouts of \"Amen\". Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had notscorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratoryas he should have. Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. \"Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible, he observed. \"There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics.\" Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duelto the death between science and religion.
\"There is never a duel with the truth,\" he roared. \"The truth always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it! \"
When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.
When the court adjourned, we found Dayton's streets swarming with strangers. Hawkerscried their wares on every corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin's everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponderwhether they might be related.
\"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, \"afraid it might be true. \"
H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatchessitting in his Pants with a tan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels . Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165 000 words a day on the trial.
Because of the heat and a fear that the old court's floor might collapse, under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples. More than 2 000 spectators sat on wooden benches or squattedon the grass, perched on the tops of parked cars or gawkedfrom windows.
Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. The judge looked startled. \"We are calling him as an expert on the Bible,\" Darrow said. \"His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.\"
Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge. For year s he had lectured and written on the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even before passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
Under Darrow's quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent \"Amens\".
Darrow read from Genesis: \"And the evening and the morning were the first day.\" Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did.
\"How could there have been a morning and evening with-out any sun?\" Darrow enquired.
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirledhis spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative.
\"And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?\" \"I believe that.\"
\"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?\"
The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger.
\"Your honor,\" he said. \"I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him...\"
\"I object to that statement,” Darrow shouted. “ I am examining you on your tool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes.\"
The judge used his gavelto quell the hubbuband adjourned court until next day. Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectator s pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.
The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. The
jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined 100 dollars and costs.
Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat.\" A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial.
I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the professors who had come to testify on my be-half arranged a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil company.
Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top over looking the valley.
There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on the books. The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.
(from Reader's Digest, July, 1962)
NOTES
1) John Scopes: John Scopes is the last surviving principal of the famous Tennessee \"Monkey Trial\" of 1925. The man whose name became synonymous with the teaching of evolution in American schools recalls here highlights of the court drama which inspired the film Inherit the Wind.
2) fundamentalism: religous beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals
3) Old Testament: The Christian Bible is divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament, composed of 39 books, is the name given by Christians to the Holy Scripture of Judaism. The New Testament contains the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and his follower.
4) Darwin: Charles Darwin (1818-82), English naturalist and biologist; originator of the theory of man's evolution by natural selection; his best known works, Origin of Species (1859), Descent of Man (1871)
5) American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ): an organization founded by Roger Baldwin and others in New York City in 1920 to champion \"the rights of man set forth in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution\" of the United States. To attain its goals the ACLU issues public statements, organizes protests, initiates test cases in the law courts, and in various ways becomes actively involved in a broad variety of issues related to civil liberties.
6) U. S. Supreme Court: the highest Federal court, consisting of nine judges; the highest and final judicial authority in the country; at times overriding Congress in
pronouncing upon the constitutionality of laws
7) I'm jist a reg'lar mountaineer jedge: a variety of nonstandard American pronunciation for \"I'm just a regular mountaineer judge\"
8) (state) attorney-general: the chief law officer and representative in legal matters of a state governments (US. ) Attorney-General is the head of the United States Department of Justice and member of the President's Cabinet.
9) for His purpose: \"he\" with a capitalized \"H\" refers to God. According to the teachings of Christianity it was God that created the world and every- thing else according to His plan (divine plan) and for His purpose. 10) Scripture: the Christian Bible
11) Genesis: the first book of the Bible, giving an account of the creation of the universe
12) the story of Eve: According to the Bible, Adam and Eve were the first man and woman. Eve was Adam's wife. She was beguiled by the serpent to eat the forbidden fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and she then tempted Adam to do the same. As a result they were banished by God from the Garden of Eden.
13) Your honor: This is how people in Britain and the United States address judges. 14) Clarence Darrow (1857-1938): American lawyer. He acted profession-ally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). He was also the president of the American League to abolish Capital Punishment.
15) William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925): American leader, editor, and popular lecturer; three times a nominee for the presidency of the US., Secretary of State (1901-1913). Just before his death (1925) Bryan figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state's witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee.
16) Dudley Field Malone (1882-1954): American lawyer. He was city attorney at New York (1918) and became third assistant secretary of state in 1913. Malone, known widely as an exponent of libera! ideas, was a member of the defense legal staff at the Scopes trial in Tennessee.
17) Arthur Garfield Hays (1881-?): American lawyer, notable as counsel in civil liberties cases. He was involved in the Sweet case ( 1925 ) Detroit, the case of Senator Wheeler (1925) at Washington, the Sacco Vansetti case (1927), the Reichstage fire case (1933) in Germany.
18) Henry Louis Mencken (1880-1956): American editor and satirist Mencken's caustic comments on the American scene made him famous He is the author of Ventures into Verse (1903), The American Language (1918), etc.
教学教案
背景知识
Background information
A. Religions
Laity: those members (Laymen) of a religious group who are without the special training of priests or other religious officeholders
Clergy: the people (Clergyman) who are members of esp. the Christian priesthood and who are allowed to perform religious services
God: the Deity, the Divinity, Holy One, Jehovah, the Lord, Providence, the Almighty, and the Creator.
There is only one God in heaven or maybe in the world. But the belief in God has developed three religious sections, namely, Christianity, Judaism and Islam.
Christianity is divided into several sections, the Roman Catholic, the Protestant and the Orthodox Eastern Church. They believe in trinity, that is, God is the Holy Father, the holy son and the holy spirit/ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation.
The Roman Catholic Church has a very strict organization, with Pope as its supreme leader, and cardinal, archbishop, bishop and priest (catholic father) under him successively. These clergies are not allowed to get married all their lives. People who belong to Roman Catholic Church have a tradition of going to church services every week.
For Protestants, things are not so rigorous. They can worship God at home. Pastors, ministers and clergymen can get married. They don't have a supreme governing body as the Roman Catholics do. For Roman Catholics, you can only talk to God by way of a church, confessing your sins in the confessional to a priest who grants you absolution in the name of God, but the Protestant believe they can talk directly to God. Denominations of Protestants are Anglican, Baptist, Presbyterian, etc.
Orthodox Eastern Church has another divine creature to worship, the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Roman Catholic and Orthodox Eastern members draw cross on their chests, while Protestants do not.
There are other people who claim themselves followers of God, too. Christian Science, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism (Latter Day Saints) etc.
Abraham: the first great Patriarch of Israel. Wife Sarah. At 75, Sarah presented Abraham (then 85) her Egyptian maidservant, Hegar. Hagar bore a son named Ishmael. God sent an angel to Hagar and promised her that Ishmael would have uncounted descendants. Ishmael was the father of a namadic nation which lived in northern Arabia. Modern-day Arabs claim descent from Ishmael. At the age of 90, Sarah gave birth to Isaac (Abraham was now 100 years old). Sarah died at 127. God promised to make Abraham’s descendants a great nation that would become God’s chosen People. Isaac, who was circumcised on the 8th day after his birth, was Abraham’s rightful heir.
Judaism doesn't believe in Jesus Christ. They believe in Moses who led them away from persecutions of the Egyptians, and they suppose that God will come to the world one day in the future. Their prophets include King David and his son Solomon who was famous for his wealth and wisdom. They think that God had granted them a place of inhabitancy, the Promised Land which is the nowadays Israel. Jewish people have suffered religious discrimination by Christians over the long run of history. The Jewish people were not allowed to own land or serve at any government offices.
While sharing the same God with the Christians and Jews, the Islamic believe in Muhammad, who is the last of the prophets (Adam, Noah (Adam’s 9th generation grandson), Abraham, Moses and Jesus being the others), and that there will be a final judgment at the end of the world. Heaven awaits the faithful and hell the infidels. They call God Allah, and their bible is Koran. Their sacred symbol is not the cross but a crescent. A Moslem/Moslem/Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca, birthplace of Muhammad, their holy city in Saudi Arabia. The Islamic are divided into two groups, Shiite who believe Muhammad's successor was his cousin and son-in-law Ali, and Sunnis who believe Ali was only one and the last of Muhammad's four successors. Most Iranians are Shiite while 85% of all Moslems are Sunnis.
B. American governing system
In the US, the power is divided between three agencies, with law-making power given to legislature (parliament: Congress and Senate), executive (the president and his administration) and judicial (the Federal Supreme Court which is composed of 9 members, the chief justice and eight associate justices, named by the president, subject to Senate confirmation).
Civil Law: part of a country's set of laws which is concerned with the private affairs of citizens or legal/juridical persons, for example marriage, business contracts, property ownership, etc rather than with crime.
Criminal Law: body of law that defines offences against the state and regulates
their prosecution and punishment. Criminal offences range from traffic tickets to major crimes like hijacking and murder.
State courts:
a. local trial courts (magistrates courts for minor cases) b. general trial courts c. state supreme court
Federal courts:
a. limited states district court: the jurisdiction of the federal courts is basically limited by the US constitution to cases based on federal law and to controversies between citizens of different states. The whole nation is divided geographically into more than 90 areas, in each of which is a \"limited states district Court\".
b. limited states courts of appeal: Above the \"limited States District Courts\" are 11 \"limited States Courts of Appeal\".
c. the Federal Supreme Court, which consists of 9 justices (not judges).
Jury: A group of laymen, called jurors, summoned to study the evidence and determine the facts in a dispute tried in a court of law. The formally produced evidence is considered the basis for decision by an objective jury. The use of the jury system is an important protection against judicial and administrative tyranny and is provided in most criminal and civil cases. A grand jury of 12 to 23 members usually considers the evidence and determines whether a trial is justified. A petty jury, usually of 12 members, sits at the trial proper and, after hearing the evidence, reaches a verdict. Traditionally, the verdict was required to be unanimous, but today some states allow majority verdicts.
lawyer: general term designating a person authorized to practice law in the courts or to serve clients as legal agent or adviser.
COUNSELOR/COUNSELLOR: a lawyer in the US who has acquired the right to plead causes in open court or whose specialty is conducting and arguing court cases. The corresponding British term is BARRISTER. COUNSEL may be used as the equivalent of COUNSELOR, but it is also a collective noun.
ATTORNEY is often used in the US as equivalent to lawyer, but the term may be used more precisely to denote a legal agent who acts for a client as in settling wills, or defending or prosecuting a case in court. In England the term is SOLICITOR who can only serve in a magistrate.
Prosecutor: the person (often a lawyer) who brings a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law, or who represents in court the person who is bringing a criminal;
charge against sb.
Plaintiff: a person who brings a charge against sb. (defendant) in court (of civil law)
Defendant: a person in a law trial against whom a charge is brought
the Accused: a person who is charged with doing wrong, a crime, etc.
C. Bible
Name of the Christian Scriptures, consisting of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The traditional view is that the Bible was written under the guidance of God and is , therefore, entirely true. Interpretation of the Bible is a main point of difference between Protestantism, which holds that individual have the right to interpret the Bible for themselves, and Roman Catholicism, which teaches that individuals may read the Bible only as interpreted by the church.
Testament: a covenant/formal solemn agreement between God and man
Old Testament: Christian name for the Hebrew Bible, the first portion of the Christian Bible.
Genesis, first book of the Old Testament. It tells the origin of the world and of man, including the stories of man's disobedience and fall, Cain and Abel, and Noah; the career of God's special servant Abraham, including the sacrifice of Isaac, and Abraham's journey to Canaan and God's promises to him. etc. Sources of Genesis include Babylonian and Egyptian folklore. Controversy over its interpretation and literary history has been extensive.
New Testament: the distinctively Christian portion of the Bible, consisting of 27 books including four biographies of Jesus, namely the Gospels, Matthew, Mark,. Luke, and John; a history of missionary activities, the Acts of the Apostles; and 21 letters written by or to apostles.
Gospel: Greek word for good news. the first four books of the New Testament. Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were entitled Evangelist, meaning the one who preaches the gospel. The title is now applied to Protestant preachers who preach personal conversion.
fundamentalism: conservative religious movement that arose among members of various Protestant denominations early in the 20th cent. its aim is to maintain traditional interpretations of the Bible and what believed to be the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith. Nowadays this word can apply to other religions.
课文详解
Detailed Study of the Text
1. buzz: a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper
2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid, sultry
3. counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for someone in a court of law
The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point. Counsel are agreed. cf:
council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions The General Secretary of the UN Security Council the Premier of the State Council
councillor: a member of a council
counsellor (AmE counselor):
a. (AmE) lawyer b. adviser
a beauty counsellor; a marriage guidance counsellor
4. prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law
5. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquent
6. orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemn public speeches)
7. nominee: a person who has been nominated, who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honour, etc. a Nobel Prize nominee / a presidential
nominee
8. bring about: cause
Scientists have brought about great changes in our lives.
9. involve: to cause sb. to become connected or concerned Don't involve other people in your mistakes. We are all involved, whether we like it or not.
10. testify: to make s solemn statement, esp. under oath in a court of law, of what is true
The witnesses testify / give evidence in the law court.
One witness testified that he's seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed.
The stolen goods in his home testified to his guilt.
11. on hand: available, present,
cf: within reach: the distance one can reach; at hand: near in time or place
Always have your dictionary on hand / within reach / at hand when you study. Please be on hand at 12 sharp.
I have a great deal of important work on hand.
All his old friends will be on hand / present to see Jack receive the medal of honour. I want you to be at hand / near during my interview with the boss of the company. The post office is close at hand.
12. reassure: comfort and make free from fear, stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly
The doctor reassured the sick man about his health. She won't believe it in spite of all our reassurance.
cf: assure: try to cause to believe or trust in sth.; promise
The captain assured the passengers that there was no danger.
13. erupt: (of a volcano) to explode and pour out fire
Here, emerge, happen quickly, come down upon unexpectedly and violently; I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair.
14. adhere to: to favour strongly and remain with, be faithful to an idea, opinion, and belief, etc.; stick firmly to; to hold or support The wallpaper won't adhere to the ceiling. They adhere to the contract.
He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting.
adhere to the four cardinal / fundamental principles
ADHERE usually implies deliberate or voluntary acceptance, as of the creed of a church, the platform of a political party, or the doctrines of a philosopher.
He liked a certain order in his life, when he had made a plan, he liked to adhere to it.
Persist: to continue firmly in spite of opposition or warning. This word implies a virtue. It more often suggests a disagreeable or annoying quality, for it stresses stubbornness more than courage or patience and frequently implies opposition to advice, disapproval, or one's own conscience. persist in working when ill
persist in doing / * adhere to doing
If you persist in misbehaving, you'll be punished.
Persist: vi, to continue to exist
The bad weather will persist all over the country. The smell persisted even after we cleaned the room.
insist: a. to declare firmly (when opposed), b. to order He insisted on writing at once.
He insisted that she (should) be present.
adhesive: substance such as a glue.
15. prohibit: to forbid, to ban, used long in reference to laws, regulations that it tends to connote restraints imposed for the good of all or for the sake of orderly procedure.
to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors / pornographic literature or video tapes / prostitution / visiting prostitutes / smoking in public places, etc. cf:
FORBID is more direct and familiar, while PROHIBIT is more formal or official; they do not widely differ in their essential implications, for they both imply the exercise of authority or the existence of conditions which prevent with similar imperativeness. However, FORBID carries so strong a connotation of expected obedience that it is preferred when the order is that of one in authority (as a parent, a master, an employer or a physician). to forbid a child to leave the house. His health forbade the use of tobacco.
16. violate: to disregard or act against sth. solemnly promised, accepted as right The actress violated the terms of her contract.
This is considered as a violation of the Constitution.
If you violate someone's privacy or peace, you disturb it.
17. legality: the condition of being lawful; lawfulness The legality of this action will be decided by the court.
18. indict: to indict sb. for a crime means to charge them with it officially Five men were caught at the scene and indicted. cf:
ACCUSE, CHARGE
These three words denote in common to declare a person guilty of a fault or offence.
While ACCUSE is typically immediate and personal, CHARGE frequently connotes seriousness in the offence and formality in the declaration.
One may ACCUSE a bystander of trying to pick one's pocket. That is an ACCUSATION which may become a formal CHARGE before a magistrate. One may also ACCUSE a man OF cheating which one personally resents.
One CHARGE a man WITH cheating which is an example of breaking the rules of a game.
INDICT adds to CHARGE in legal context the implication of a formal consideration of the evidence by a grand jury and the implication of a decision that the accused person should be called to trial. One INDICTS a man FOR theft.
TO PROSECUTE sb. FOR theft is for a lawyer to represent in court the person who is bringing a criminal charge against sb.
19. anticipate: (sometimes considered nonstandard) to expect, to see what will happen and act as necessary, often to stop sb. else doing sth. We are not anticipating that there will be much trouble.
We anticipate that the enemy would try to cross the river and so seized the bridge.
20. FAMOUS, FAME, RENOWNED, CELEBRATED, are comparable when meaning known far and wide among men.
FAMOUS and FAMED apply chiefly to men, events and things that are much talked of or are widely or popularly known throughout a country or continent or a cultural tradition. They also imply favourable reputation.
RENOWNED implies more glory or honour and more widespread acclamation than
either FAMOUS OR FAMED. It is often employed as a stronger or more emphatic term than FAMOUS with little actual difference in meaning except for a suggestion of greater longevity of fame.
CELEBRATED stresses reception of popular or public notice or attention and frequent mention, esp. in print.
21. festoon: If you festoon sth. with decorations, lights or other things, you spread or hang these things over it in large numbers in order to decorate it. The garden was festooned with coloured lights.
22. sprout: to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly. n. new growth of a plant, shoot bean sprouts / bamboo shoots
23. rickety: weak in joints and likely to break rickety old man / stairs / cart
24. evangelist: one who preaches the gospel (good news)
25. exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth. to exhort sb. to do good / to work harder, etc.
26. cheer: support and encourage, shout in praise, approval or support Every time a Chinese runner won a race the crowd cheered. The crowd cheered their favourite horse.
27. infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in former times by Christians and Muslims of each other) someone ho does not follow one's own religion, unbeliever
28. draw up: to form and usu. write to draw up a plan / a contract
29. florid: (of a person's face) having a red skin
30. paunchy: (derog. and humour) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot belly
31. attorney-general: chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the US
32. shrewd: clever in judgement, esp. of what is to one's own advantage, and an exceptional ability to see below the surface. It always connotes hard-headedness. a shrewd lawyer who knows all the tricks
He is a shrewd and sometimes ruthless adversary.
33. steep: soak, to let sth. stay in a liquid for softening, bringing out a taste etc. Steep the coffee (vt.)
Leave the coffee to steep for 5 minutes (vi.)
soak up (vi. + adv.) draw in by or as if by suction or absorption The soil soaked up a huge volume of water very rapidly. Mark Twain soaked up the colourful language.
steeped in: thoroughly filled or familiar with.
a place steeped in mystery, a mind steeped in law
steep: adj. rising or falling quickly or at a sharp angle. a steep rise in price; a steep drop in living conditions an old house with steep stairs; the steepest part of a hill
34. agnostic: person who believes that one can only have knowledge of material things and that nothing is or can be known about God or life after death
cf: atheist: person who doubts the existence of God
infidel: see above
35. call
call for sth: require, demand or need sth The situation calls for prompt action.
I've been promoted. This calls for a celebration!
a call for sth: request or demand for sth The President made a call for national unity.
There were calls for the Prime Minister's resignation from the Opposition parties.
need or occasion for sth
There isn't much call for such things these days. There was no call for such rudeness. There is no call for being hasty.
(in card-games) player's bid or turn to bid It's your call, partner.
a call of nature: (euph) need to urinate or defecate
a port of call: place where a ship stops during a voyage, place where a person goes
or stops, esp during a journey The visiting politician's first port of call was the new factory.
call-box = telephone-box (telephone)
call-girl: prostitute who makes appointments by telephone
35. growl /au/: (of animal) to make a deep rough sound in the throat to show anger or give warning, (of person) to say sth. in a low rough and rather angry voice. The dog growled at me.
He growled out a demand to her to stop.
36. preliminary: coming before and introducing or preparing for sth. more important, introductory, preparatory
37. spar: to box without hitting hard, as in practice (between SPARRING PARTNERS) or in testing an opponent's defence.
argue or dispute (with sb), usu in a friendly way The children are sparring with each other.
sparring-partner: person with whom a boxer spars as part of training. person with whom one enjoys frequent, usu friendly, arguments
They've been sparring-partners ever since they were at school together.
38. drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengthened drawl out one’s words
39. ignorance: lack of knowledge
Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems. If he did wrong, it was from/ through ignorance. We are in complete ignorance of his plans.
She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is. They ignored traffic regulations.
40. bigot: one who obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs.
One of the marks of a bigot is that he thinks he does a service to God when he persecutes his fellowmen.
bigotry: the state of having very strong, unreasonable attitudes and opinions
41. rampant: widespread and impossible to control, excessive, used esp. of undesirable conditions, such as crime or disease. Spinal meningitis was rampant in
that spring.
Theft, robbery, trafficking in narcotics, rural women and children are rampant in some places.
Rich soil makes some plants too rampant. Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.
42. fagot: a bundle of sticks of firewood
43. enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge.
Can you enlighten me on this subject?
The tour of our country enlightened the foreign visitors on China's open policy. work for the enlightenment of mankind
the Enlightenment / the age of Enlightenment in the 18th century
44. contaminate: to make impure, bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matter Don't eat the food, it may have been contaminated by the flies. The river is contaminated with waste from the factory. Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas.
45. snort: to make a rough noise by blowing air down the nose
to express impatience or anger by this sound We ran when the bull began to snort. \"Never!\" he snorted. cf:
snore: breathe heavily and noisily through the nose and mouth while asleep
46. evidence: (in law) words which prove a statement, support a belief, or make a matter more clear
There wasn't enough evidence to prove him guilty. Have you any evidence to support this statement? not a bit / piece / scrap / shred of evidence
indication or trace
The room bore evidence (ie showed signs) of a struggle.
in evidence: clearly or easily seen
He's the sort of man who likes to be very much in evidence at important meetings, ie who likes to be seen and noticed.
evident: obvious (to the eye or mind); clear
It must be evident to all of you that he has made a mistake.
Evidently he has decided to leave.
47. brandish: to wave menacingly sth. esp. a weapon about, It stresses threat. I shall brandish my sword before them.
48. denounce: to criticise severely and publicly, announce threateningly The newspapers denounced the new taxes. A mass meeting denounced him as a traitor.
49. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound the sonorous tones of the priest
sonority
the sonority of the bass voices
sonorously adv.
50. reconcile: make peace between, make friendly again I cannot reconcile the two points of view.
I asked how he would reconcile apartheid with Christianity. The two girls quarrelled but are now reconciled.
51. jungle: tropical forest too thick to walk through easily.
52. image: likeliness, form, copy, an object made to represent a god or person to be worshipped
You see your image in the mirror.
I can close my eyes and see images of things and persons. The coin bears an image of the emperor.
The government has a very bad image because it continues with plans that nobody likes.
53. divine: of, related to, or being god or a god
God: the Almighty, Providence, the Creator, the Divinity, the Deity, the Holy One, the Lord, Jehovah
54. thrust: to push forcefully and suddenly, to make a sudden forward stroke with a sword, knife, etc.
He thrust the fork into the meat.
The pirate thrust the sword into the captain's back.
55. applause: loud praise for a performance or performer, esp. by striking the hands together (clapping)
applaud: v.
Everyone stood up to applaud.
The audience applauded the singer for 5 minutes. The crowd bursts into applause and shouts \"Hurray!\" His every sentence was followed by an applause.
56. fervour: the quality of being FERVENT, passion, zeal, enthusiasm, intense heat, intense emotion compelling action. speak with great fervour
fervent: showing strong and warm feelings, hot, glowing, passionate a fervent love / hatred. a fervent lover / admirer
57. arena: an area of land or a large room where sports, entertainment and public events take place.
The city built a new sports arena.
After World II Japan entered the arena of international trade. He entered the political arena after graduation from college.
58. prairie: (in North America) a wild treeless grassy plain.
59. scorch: to burn (part of ) a surface so as to change its colour, taste, or feeling but not completely destroy it, to dry up and take away the life out with a strong heat The hot iron scorched the tablecloth. a scorched-earth policy
The hot weather scorched the grass. scorching hot / heat
60. observe: to make a remark, to say, to comment, It suggests a reasoned judgement based on m ore or less careful study of the evidence. He observe that the house seemed to be too small.
\"I hope she'll turn over a new leaf now,\" observed Mrs. A.
61. passion: strong, deep, often uncontrollable feeling, esp. of sexual love, hatred, or anger
The poet expressed his burning passion for the woman he loved. Can we talk about this with a little less passion?
passionate: filled with passion, eager, very strong The groom gave the bride a passionate kiss. The two groups had a passionate debate.
62. sip: to drink in small quantities
cf:
suck: to draw (as liquid) into the mouth through a suction force produced by movements of the lips and tongue, to suck milk from his mother's breast
sap: to drain the fluid part of a plant, esp. the watery solution that circulates through a plant's vascular system
63. jug: a large deep, usu. earthenware or glass container with a narrow mouth, a handle and a lip for pouring, a milk jug cf:
jar: tall container, usu. round with a wide mouth, with or with-out handles of glass, stone or earthenware
pot: an usu. round metal or earthen container used chiefly for domestic purposes, as in cooking or for holding liquids or growing plants. tea pot, chamber pot
64. appeal: to make a strong request for help, support, mercy; beg He appealed to his attacker for mercy. He appealed to me for help.
please, attract, interest
This idea / She appeals to me.
Some people say Peking Opera is too old-fashioned to appeal to people any longer. The idea appealed to me.
65. intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent etc.
intellect: the ability to understand or deal with ideas and information, the ability to reason rather than to feel or act.
intellectual:
adj. concerning the intellect, able to use the intellect well, showing unusual reasoning powers
n. a person who works and lives by using his mind.
a man of intellect: a man with knowledge, learned person, an intellectual
It is man's intellect that distinguishes him from the breasts. Chess is a highly intellectual game.
Teaching is a more intellectual occupation than sweeping.
He is an intellectual person.
intelligence:
a. good ability to learn and understand quickly, esp. compared with others.
b. information gathered by the government or the army about their country's enemies and their activities. an intelligence test; intelligence quotient (IQ) Use your intelligence. CIA
intelligent: having or showing powers of reasoning or understanding.
Dr. Smith is a man of great intelligence but Prof. Brown earns the respect of his colleagues for his high intellect.
An INTELLECTUAL or INTELLECTUAL person, is one who has developed his brain and intellect, is highly educated, and is interested in subjects that exercise the mind.
One can be very intelligent / have great intelligence, without knowing much.
A small child with a clever quick mind is INTELLIGENT but he can hardly be an intellectual.
66. duel: unlawful fight between two persons who have quarrelled, usu. with swords or pistols, at a meeting arranged and conducted according to rules, in the presence of two other persons called seconds. 67. roar: to give a deep loud continuing sound.
tigers roaring in their cages
He just roared (ie laughed loudly) when he heard that joke! The crowd roared its approval.
n. long loud deep sound
a roar of applause / anger, etc roars of laughter
roaring: noisy; rough or stormy roaring thunder
68. mortal: a human being as compared with a god, a spirit, etc. All human beings are mere mortals.
They're so grand these days that they probably don't talk to ordinary mortals like us any more.
adj:
that must die; that cannot live for ever All human beings are mortal.
causing death; fatal
a mortal wound, injury, etc
The collapse of the business was a mortal blow to him and his family.
lasting until death; marked by great hatred; deadly mortal enemies
mortal sin: (in the Roman Catholic Church) sin that causes the loss of God's grace and leads to damnation unless it is confessed and forgiven 弥天大罪
69. agency:
a. When sth. happen through or by the agency of sb. or sth, it happens with their help or influence. Thus the sentence can be paraphrased as Truth does not need any human influence to support it.
b. a business which provides particular services on behalf of another business. an administrative organization
Xinhua News Agency; the Central Intelligence Agency
70. momentary: transitory, lasting for a very short moment
71. hush: silence, stillness, quiet, calm
72. rule: decide officially
The jury ruled that he was innocent of all charges. The club ruled against accepting new members.
I cannot rule out / exclude the possibility / declare the non-existence of / trouble. The principal ruled out dances on school nights.
73. adjourn: to bring a meeting, trial, etc to a stop, esp. for a particular period or until a later time
74. hawker: a person who travels from place to place selling things, usu. with a cart.
75. entrepreneur: a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit; the word often has the sense of enterprising, meaning imaginative in ambitious way for private economic gain.
76. ponder: to consider, thing over, to think about sth. carefully, a rather literary word.
Each chess player will have five minutes to ponder his next move. The prisoner pondered how to escape. Give me a few days to ponder over it.
77. brute: an animal, esp. one that you feel sorry for.
The lions I am talking about are the poor half-starved brutes reserved for tourists. The Pope said that man is \" the middle ling between angels and brutes.\" War can turn man into brutes.
stupid, animal-like or cruel person, esp. one who has a tendency to behave violently.
He is an unfeeling brute. cf: cow
crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down a dozen of countries
coward: a person unable to face danger, pain, or hardship because he lacks courage
78. sulphur: AmE. sulfur. a light-yellow substance that burns with a bright flame and a strong smell, used in medicine and industry.
sulphurous: scathing, harsh
79. dispatch: a report sent by a journalist who is in a different town or country. I picked up the paper and read a dispatch from a correspondent in New York.
80. collapse:
a. fall down or in, break to pieces.
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.
The collapse of the buildings trapped thousands of people.
b. lose physical strength, courage, mental powers, If you work too hard, your health may collapse.
c. fail, break down.
Their marriage collapsed.
Our plan will collapse unless we get more help.
81. resume: go on after stopping for a time
Less than a month later the rebels resumed their offensive. We'll stop here and resume working at 2 o'clock. Those standing may resume their seats.
resume: = curriculum vitae
82. squat: to sit on one's heels, or on the ground with the legs drawn up under or close to the body.
83. perch: rest, stand or sit on some elevated place, usu. referring to birds; sit on the edge of sth. that is not intended to be a seat. Dr Smith perched on the corner of his desk.
The sparrow perched upon the television antenna.
84. gawk: look at sth. in a foolish way
85. spring: to bring forward suddenly, to produce as a surprise, to make known unexpectedly to
He sprang his marriage on his parents. The film made her spring into fame.
86. trump card: (in card games such as bridge or poker) each card of a suit that has, for the time being, higher value than the other three suits, means of gaining one's end Hearts (spades, clubs, diamonds) are trumps.
to play one's trump card: to make used of one's most valuable resource
87. startle: to give a shock or surprise, to cause to move or jump，be startle at the sight of sth.
You startled me. I didn't hear you come in. I was startled to hear his news / by his news.
88. wile: a trick intended to deceive, skill in outwitting, an indirect means to gain an end, an attempt to entrap or deceive with false allurements.
All her wiles were not enough to persuade them to sell the property.
wily: full of wiles, cunning, crafty
The serpent by his wiles persuaded Eve to eat the apple. the wiles of the Devil
89. campaign: a group of military operations with a set purpose, usu. in one area; a series of planned activities to gain a special object. a political/ advertising campaign
90. passage: passing, act of going past, through or across the passage of time
passing of a Bill so that it becomes law.
Passage of such a resolution depends on public support.
The Socialists did not co-operate with him in the passage of these laws.
91. resolute: fixed in determination or propose, firm; the word throws the emphasis upon a determination which cannot be broken down as a quality of character and may suggest firm adherence to one's own purposes. You must be resolute and do what you think best. He was a serious, resolute student.
92. strode: walk with long steps
93. repel: to drive back by force, rebuff to repel an attack
This material will repel heat and moisture.
94. punctuate:
a. to put stops / periods, commas, colons, quotation marks, etc. into a piece of writing.
b. to interrupt from time to time a speech punctuated with cheers.
95. fervent: that is, feels, or shows strong and warm feelings, passionate, vehement a fervent desire to win
He is a fervent believer in free speech.
They maintained a fervent loyalty to the general.
fervour: the quality of being fervent
96. Amen: may this be true, so be it
97. enquire: question
98. mop: n. a bundle of strings, cloth, etc. fastened to a long handle for cleaning floors
v. to wipe up with a mop, to wipe away sweat with a handkerchief
99. bald: hairless, leafless, featherless.
cf: bold
100. dome: rounded roof with a circular base. sth. shaped like a dome
101. snigger: (AmE snicker) to laugh in a disrespectful more or less secret way
giggle, snort
102. twirl: to turn round and round quickly, to cause to spin, to cause to curl The secretary twirled the pencil round in her fingers. She twirled his hair round her fingers.
103. pursue: to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or defeat The policeman pursued the thief down the road. He felt their eyes pursuing him. The poet pursued fame all his life.
He set his heart on pursuing his studies abroad.
104. condemn:
a. to declare sb. to be wrong or evil usu. after weighing evidence Everyone condemned his foolish behaviour. Most people condemn nuclear war.
b. to pronounce guilty, sentence, convict, state the punishment In spite of the evidence he was not condemned.
The judge condemned the criminal to ten years in jail.
c. to force into an unhappy state
When the poor woman was widowed, she realized that she was condemned to a lonely old age. cf:
CONDEMN carries very strong judicial connotations. It implies a final decision or a definitive judgement. It commonly suggests a wholly unfavourable judgement. DENOUNCE adds to condemn the implication of public declaration.
When meaning to criticise, the two words are similar in usage.
livid: blue-grey, as of marks on the skin after being his (bruise)
105. slur: an unfair damaging remark Don't slur my brother's reputation.
The rumours cast a slur upon my good name.
The neighbours talked about each other with ugly slurs.
106. gravel: hammer
118. quell: to quiet, to cause to cease, to put down The dictator quelled the uprising.
The police used fire hoses and tear gas to quell the rioters.
118. hubbub: a mixture of loud noises din
118. forlorn: (typical of one who is) left alone and unhappy, deserted and in poor condition, sad and lonely because of isolation or desertion; it suggest sadness, woe, at separation from someone dear.
as forlorn as King Lear at the end of his days.
110. hail: a. to salute, greet with enthusiastic approval The crowd hailed the victor.
The people lined the streets to hail the returning heroes.
b. to summon by calling to hail a taxi / a passing boat
111. on the books: in a list of members, records. Here, still listed in the law.
112. wake: track left by a ship on smooth water
in the wake of: after, following
Seagull followed in the wake of the ship. The car left clouds of dust in its wake. Many troubles follow in the wake of war.
文章结构
Structural and stylistic analysisPart 1: A buzz ran ... his views (p. 139)
the setting of the scene
Part 2: By the time ... for an oil company (p. 145)
the trail
Part 3: Not long ago...with the passing years (p. 145)
the ending
Questions for the understanding of the text:
1. What type of writing is this?
2. What do we anticipate, predict when seeing the title?
Injustice, persecution, violation of human rights, ignorance prevailing intelligence, etc.
3. In what order is the story told? Flashback
4. Describe the benign accident which touched off the big conflict between the pro- and anti-evolutionists.
5. Describe the counsel for the prosecution and the counsel for the defendant.
Counsel for the prosecution:
William Jennings Bryan, silver-tongued orator, three times Democratic nominee for President, leader of the fundamentalist movement, aging and paunchy, Tom Stewart Bryan, Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general
Counsel for the defendant:
Clarence Darrow, 68, famous criminal lawyer, shrewd, agnostic Dudley Field Malone, 43, handsome and magnetic, Catholic
Arthur Garfield hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law, Jew.
6. How many days did the trial last? Three days
7. Describe the trial.
Day 1: Preliminary fight. John Scopes is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant. Today it is the teachers, and tomorrow it will be the magazines, the books, and the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until... \"That damned infidel\".
Day 2: calling witnesses.
Bryan: \"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.\"
Malone: \"Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible.\" \"The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it!\"
Judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.
Climax of the trial. Darrow's trick to trap Bryan.
Day 3: verdict: guilty, $100 fine and costs. Victorious defeat.
修辞学习
RHETORIC Metaphor:
No one,... that may case would snowball into... ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere. The street ...sprouted with ...
He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. ...champion had not scorched the infidels... …after the preliminary sparring over legalities…
Simile:
...swept the arena like a prairie fire ...a palm fan like a sword...
Metonymy
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers... The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.
Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the world
Ridicule:
Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ... Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
Sarcasm:
There is some doubt about that.
Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.
Antithesis
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
Assonance:
when bigots lighted faggots to burn...
Repetition:
The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...
Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside.
A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. It is not strictly a figure of speech, but because it relied heavily on metaphorical or figurative meanings of words for its effect, it if often included in lists of such figures.
a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.
Local carpenter seeks local dentist for trade of skills. \"I'll build your bridge, you build mine.\"
Standing at the door and looking at the newly employed young secretary, the two colleagues talked to each other. \"She is pure and too inexperienced. We ought to teach her what is right and what is wrong.\" \"Yea,\" said the other, \"you teach her what is right and I teach her what is wrong.\"
For a church outreach visitation program, I was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”
b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. Homophones.
Seven days without water makes one weak.
Then there was the man in the restaurant. \"You're not eating your fish,\" the waitress said to him. \"Anything wrong with it?\" \"Long time no see (sea),\" the man replied.
The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left. Then the major announced:\" The general had just made a general speech. Now listen the major points.\"
An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
Oxymoron: formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms.
Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat\". bitter sweet memories proud humility orderly chaos a damned saint
an honourable villain.
Irony:
marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century
Irony: a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is
meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world.
Transferred epithet
Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.
two points of high colour (high colour 指红晕)
“Thank you,” he said as the three of them shared a lingering hug. “谢谢你们。”他说道，这三个人久久地拥抱在一起。 此处讲一个人落水被救，因而对救他的人心怀感激。
He must be doing some cold calculating just now. 刚才他肯定是在冷静地计算着。
Insurgencies tend to be resolved at the bargaining table.
(In for a dime, in for a dollar? By Linda Robinson U.S. News Oct.4 1999) 叛乱只能在谈判桌边才能解决。
On his sick bed he summoned his sons and daughters into his presence.
He passed many an anxious hour in the train.
I spoke to him in hesitant English.
He lives by honest labour.
No one,... that may case would snowball into... ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere. The street ...sprouted with ...
He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. ...champion had not scorched the infidels... …after the preliminary sparring over legalities…
Simile:
...swept the arena like a prairie fire ...a palm fan like a sword...
Metonymy
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers...
The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.
Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the world
Ridicule:
Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ... Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
Sarcasm:
There is some doubt about that.
Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.
Antithesis
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
Assonance:
when bigots lighted faggots to burn...
Repetition:
The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...
Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside.
A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. It is not strictly a figure of speech, but because it relied heavily on metaphorical or figurative meanings of words for its effect, it if often included in lists of such figures.
a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.
Local carpenter seeks local dentist for trade of skills. \"I'll build your bridge, you
build mine.\"
Standing at the door and looking at the newly employed young secretary, the two colleagues talked to each other. \"She is pure and too inexperienced. We ought to teach her what is right and what is wrong.\" \"Yea,\" said the other, \"you teach her what is right and I teach her what is wrong.\"
For a church outreach visitation program, I was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”
b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. Homophones.
Seven days without water makes one weak.
Then there was the man in the restaurant. \"You're not eating your fish,\" the waitress said to him. \"Anything wrong with it?\" \"Long time no see (sea),\" the man replied.
The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left. Then the major announced:\" The general had just made a general speech. Now listen the major points.\"
An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
Oxymoron: formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms.
Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat\". bitter sweet memories proud humility orderly chaos a damned saint
an honourable villain.
Irony:
marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century
Irony: a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world.
Transferred epithet
Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.
two points of high colour (high colour 指红晕)
“Thank you,” he said as the three of them shared a lingering hug. “谢谢你们。”他说道，这三个人久久地拥抱在一起。 此处讲一个人落水被救，因而对救他的人心怀感激。
He must be doing some cold calculating just now. 刚才他肯定是在冷静地计算着。
Insurgencies tend to be resolved at the bargaining table.
(In for a dime, in for a dollar? By Linda Robinson U.S. News Oct.4 1999) 叛乱只能在谈判桌边才能解决。
On his sick bed he summoned his sons and daughters into his presence.
He passed many an anxious hour in the train.
I spoke to him in hesitant English.
He lives by honest labour.
课文录音
词汇短语
词汇(Vocabulary)
:that swelters or suffers from the heat；very hot；sultry热得发昏的；酷热 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and
representing clients in court辩护律师；法律顾问；辩护人 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :eloquent；persuasive雄辩的；口才流利的 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家
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:a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发；爆发；喷出 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a sharp disagreement；conflict抵触；冲突；意见不一致；对立 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)
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:a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)
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:refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order禁止；不准 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful；conformity with the law合法性
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:accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉；指控，告发，对……起诉
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:institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉
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:adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的
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:anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)
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:urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，劝戒
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:a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:[derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的
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:．any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer)(被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的；精明的；伶俐的
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:vpowerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)
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:immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸；埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着；沉湎于；精通) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena；atheist不可知论者 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :wrangle or dispute争论；争吵
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance；prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见
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:spreading unchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆；柴把 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，传染，毒害 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞
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:condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的；洪亮的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:settle(a quarrel，etc．)or compose(a difference，etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符
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:given or inspired by God；holy；sacred神授的，天赐的；神圣的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion热烈；热情，热心，热诚 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所；活动场所 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail scathingly；excoriate烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)
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:[colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到
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:any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争
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:absence of noise；quiet；silence寂静，平静，安静；默不作声，沉默 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会；延期 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:be filled or crowded；teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:[Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking．assuming the risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿
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:weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider carefully默想；深思；考虑 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦
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:violently emotional；heated；fiery异常激动的；激烈的；暴怒的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :[a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子
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:alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息；停歇；坐在高处 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :full of wiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :drive or force back；hold or ward off击退；抵挡住 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:having or showing great warmth of feeling；intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑；暗笑 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；铅色的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention or silence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :crush；subdue；put an end to镇压；平息
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:a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :abandoned or deserted被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，寂寞的／forlornly adv． ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in
a trial裁定；判决
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:a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪；(被)判罪；定罪 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
短语 (Expressions)
: continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于 例： She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : begin to have呈现
例： Her voice took on a troubled tone．她的声音里有些不安。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : begin，start(开始)进行，在前进中。
例： We have several plans under way．我们已将几项计划付诸实施。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
课文翻译
第十课
震撼世界的审判
约翰•司科普斯
在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯•达罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉•詹宁斯•布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。
几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。在法庭就座为我作证的有以哈佛大学的科特里•马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开
审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道：“别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。”
我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯•达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。
在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授“任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。”这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治•拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。
“拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。
“那么说，你在触犯法律，”他们中的一位说。
“所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，”我回答说。“亨特所著的《生物学基础》中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。”
于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。“让我们将此事交付法庭判决，”他说，“以检验其是否合法。”
当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。”接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯•达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。
到七月十日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红砖房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰•巴特勒。巴特勒是一位四十九岁的农场主，在当选之前还从未跨出过自己的县境。
主审法官名叫约翰•劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男人。他操着浓重的地方口音高声说道：“我只是个平平常常的山区法官。”布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。协助他进行起诉工作的有他的儿 1 85子——也是个律师——及田纳西州年轻有为的检察长汤姆•斯图尔特。我的辩护人当中则除了六十八岁的精明老练的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、富于魅力的四
十三岁的达德雷•费尔德•马隆和文质彬彬、学识丰富，尤其精通法学的阿瑟•伽费尔德•黑斯。在一场宗教起着关键作用的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。我的父亲也特意从肯塔基州赶来陪我面对这次审判。
法官请了一位当地的牧师主持开庭祷告仪式，接着审判便开始了。陪审团的十二名成员中，有三人除《圣经》之外再没有念过什么别的书，还有一人则根本不识字。难怪我父亲气呼呼地骂道：“真是他妈狗屁的陪审团!”
履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来开始发言了。“我的朋友检察长先生方才告诉我们说约翰•司科普斯知道他为什么会被带上法庭，”达罗拖长着声音说。“我也知道他为什么会被带上法庭。那是因为愚昧和偏见还很猖獗，而且这两者又结合在一起，形成一股强大的势力。”
达罗在热得像烘箱似的法庭里来回踱着方步。“今天受攻击的是教师，”他接着说道，“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。要不了多久，社会上便会是一种人与人为仇，教派与教派为敌的局面，直到我们的社会大踏步地退回到十六世纪那光辉的年代，那时如果有谁胆敢给人类带来智慧、知识和文化，就会被那些愚昧的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死。”
他的话音刚落，就听到一个妇女高声咕嘟了一句：“这个该死的异教徒!”
第二天，控方开始传唤证人出庭作证。出庭作证的是我的两个学生，他们一边羞涩地对我傻笑，一边向法庭证明说我向他们宣讲过进化论，但又补充说他们并没有因此而受到毒害。一个叫霍华德.摩根的聪明的十四岁小男孩作证说我对他们讲过，人也像牛、马、狗、猫一样是哺乳动物。
“他没有说猫和人完全一样吧?”达罗问。
“没有，先生，”那孩子说道。“他说人是有思维能力的。” “这话怕不一定对哩，”达罗哼着鼻子说。
证人作证完毕后，布莱恩起立向陪审团陈辞。问题很简单，他说，“基督徒相信人来自天上，进化论者则认为人一定是来自地下。”旁听的群众忍不住咯咯地笑了起来，布莱恩也就越说越起劲，他一只手挥动着一本生物学教科书，一边口中发话谴责那些来到戴顿为我作证的科学家们。
“《圣经》，”他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法，是并行不悖的。”
他讲完话时，下巴翘得老高，眼里闪着光芒，听众席中立刻爆发出喝采的掌声和“阿门”的喊声。但似乎还是缺少了一点什么东西。昔日当布莱恩如燎原的烈火般席卷政界时表现出的那种火热的激情已消失殆尽。听众们似乎觉得他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才将那些异端分子打个落花流水。
达德雷•费尔德•马隆跳起来反驳布莱恩。“布莱恩可不是唯一有资格为《圣经》辩护的人，”他说。“在我们这一国度，还有些人将自己的全部生命都奉献给了上帝和宗教。而布莱恩先生却满腔热情地将自己的大半生命献给了政治。”布莱恩从水杯中呷了一口水，马隆说话的音调随之变得越来越高。他呼吁学术自由并指责布莱恩存心在科学与宗教之间挑起一场殊死决斗。
“从来没有人能同真理决斗，”他大声怒吼，“真理从来都是胜利者——我们并不害怕这一点。真理不需要布莱恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，而且并不需要依靠人的力量去维护它!”
马隆发言结束时，场上出现了一阵沉默，但接着法庭里便爆发出一阵暴风骤雨般的掌声．超过了刚才为布莱恩发出的掌声。然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行的这场舌战中取得了胜利，法官还是决定不许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。
休庭期间，我们发现戴顿镇的街头巷尾到处挤满了陌生人，每个角落里都有一些小商小贩在叫卖货物。有家商店的招牌上写道：达尔文：没错——就在里面。(这是小达尔文的服装店。)还有一个承包商租了一个商店橱窗来展出一只猿猴。有些人便花钱去观看这只猿猴，并思量着自己是否可能与它有什么渊源。
“这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者这样写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。”
H•L。门肯穿着短裤，一边吹着电扇，一边写出了一些含辛辣讽刺意味的电讯文稿。由于他在文中将当地居民称作“乡巴佬”，因此人们议论着要将他驱逐出镇。二十二个报务员每天要拍发十六万五千字的报道这场庭审的电文。
由于天气炎热，加之又担心古老的法庭地板会因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，审判活动改在户外枫树荫下继续进行。前来观审的有两千多人，他们有的坐在长条木凳上，有的蹲在草地上，有的趴在停放着的汽车的车顶上，还有的人则从窗户里傻呆呆地伸长脖子向外张望。 接着审判的高潮到来了。由于反进化论法律条文的限制，控方只得坚持《圣经》必须严格按字面意义解释的立场。这时，达罗突然打出他的王牌，点名要布莱恩充当辩方证人。法官也满脸惊讶。“我们要他当证人是因为他是《圣经》研究专家，”达罗说道。“作为经学权威，他的声誉是举世公认的。”
布莱恩满心狐疑，不知那诡计多端的达罗葫芦里在卖什么药，但他又不能不接受这一挑战。多年来他一直在讲解《圣经》，并且还曾围绕《圣经》著书立说。甚至在反进化论法令通过之前，他就在田纳西州发动过反达尔文主义的运动。这时，只见他刚毅果敢地握着一把芭蕉扇，像是拿它当成一把退敌的利剑似的，大步流星地向证人席走去。
在达罗的平静语调套问下，他承认自己对《圣经》的字字句句深信不疑，旁观的人群对他的激昂的回答不时和以热烈的“阿门，，的喊声。
达罗翻开《创世纪》念道：“夜尽晨来乃第一天也。’’接下来他问布莱恩是否相信太阳是第四天创造出来的，布莱恩回答说他相信。
“没有太阳之前又怎么会有早晨和晚上呢?”达罗问道。
布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶。人群中传出阵阵暗笑声，连一些虔诚的基督徒也在发笑。达罗一面捻弄着他的眼镜，一面继续发问。他问布莱恩是否相信有关夏娃的故事字字句句都是真实的，布莱恩作了肯定的回答。
“那末你也相信上帝为了惩罚引诱夏娃的那条蛇便让所有蛇类从那以后永远匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?”
“我相信那是真的。”
“好哇，那么你是否知道那以前蛇类是如何行走的呢?”
观审的人群哄地笑了起来。布莱恩气得脸色发青，盛怒之下他调门提高了，手里拿着的扇子一个劲儿抖动着。
“法官大人，”他说。“我即刻就要回答达罗先生的所有问题。我要让世界知道这个不信上帝的人正在利用田纳西州的法庭诽谤上帝……”
“我反对这种说法，”达罗大声叫道。“我只是在考验你的那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没有哪个有知识的基督徒会相信你的那些想法。”
法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。
布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。当观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我的心替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。
第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角，只低声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被罚款一百美元，并支付诉讼费用。
达德雷•费尔德•马隆称这次庭审结果对我来说是一次“胜利的败仗”。有几家南方报纸，出于对他们那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠诚，称这次审判结果为布莱恩的胜利，并为之欢呼。可布莱恩本人却因伤心劳神过度，审判结束后才过了两天便在戴顿去世。
学校要请我回去继续担任原先的教学职务，但我谢绝了。有几位前来为我作证的教授已为我争取到了一份芝加哥大学的奖学金，因而我得以继续进修自然科学。．后来，我成为一家石油公司的地质学专家。
前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我眼中，小镇景物依旧，只是多了一所威廉•詹宁斯•布莱恩大学，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着下面的山谷。
还有一•些其他方面的变化。进化论已经可以在田纳西州公开讲授了，尽管那条曾判我有罪的法令仍未废除。由克拉伦斯•达罗和达德雷•费尔德•马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起
的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。
(摘自《读者文摘》1962年7月)
课文练习
EXERCISES 10
I. Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words as much as possible'
1) How much do you know about the author from this article?
2) What do you think of the struggles between fundamentalists and modernists? What did that show?
3) Why was so much attention paid to this trial in an out-of-the- way small town in the U. S.?
4) Try to elaborate the views of Darrow and Malone and that of Bryan's.
5) What have you learned about the law and legal procedures in the U. S.? Do you think them sensible?
6) Did John Scopes lose or win the case? 7) What have you learned about the Bible?
8) What do you think is the message of this article?
II. Paraphrase:
1) We’ll show them a few tricks.
2) The case had erupted round my head
3) The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. 4) That all animal life... had evolved from a common ancestor 5) \"Let's take this thing to court and test the legality of it.\"
6) People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the \"infidel outsiders.\"
7) As my father growled, \"That's one hell of a jury!\"
8) He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant.
9) Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related. 10) And the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent \"Amens\"
III. Translate the following into Chinese:
1) Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. \"Today it is the teachers,\" he continued, \"and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the man who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind.\" 2) \"The Biblehis court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made
IV. Group together all the legal and religious terms that appear in the text.
V. Explain the implied or satirical meaning of the following:
1) \"Today it is the teachers,\" he continued, \"and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers.\"
2) \"There is some doubt about that,\" Darrow snorted.
3) \"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.\"
4) One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT -- INSIDE.
5) \"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes,\" a reporter noted, \"afraid it might be true.\"
6) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat.\" 7) \"I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer judge.\"
8) Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. 9) The truth does not need Mr. Bryan.
10) But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top overlooking the valley.
VI. The following sentences contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meanings in plain, non-figurative language.
1) No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snow ball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history
2) By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1 500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.
3) The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs
4) After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement.
5) he thundered in his sonorous organ tones
6) when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire
7) The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.
8) He... accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. 9) Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. 10) But although Malone had won the oratorial duel with Bryan
11) Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. 12) The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States
VII. Besides similes and metaphors, other figures of speech are also used in this piece. Point out the figures used in the following sentences: 1) The trial that rocked the world ( )
2) Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my .shoulder ( ) 3) The case had erupted round my head ( ) 4) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ( ) 5) and it is a mighty strong combination ( )
6) until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century ( ) 7) There is some doubt about that.( )
8) \"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below\"( )
9) \"His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.\" ( ) 10) Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fanlike a sword to repel his enemies. ( )
11) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.( )
12) Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, \"victorious defeat. \" ( )
VII. Translate the following into Chinese:
1) A lower court ruled in the parents’ favor, but the decision later was reversed.
2) The legislative branch enacts laws; the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them.
3) Three witnesses appeared in court to testify to his innocence. 4) They called for a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.
5) In US. courts, when witnesses swear to tell the truth, they are asked to place one hand on the Bible.
6) \"God helps them that help themselves.\"
7) Judges are supposed to treat every person as equal before the law, whatever his race, nationality or religion.
8) Barristers are lawyers who present and plead cases in law courts.
9) As \"counsel for the prosecution\" a barrister will try to prove the accused person's guilt. As \"counsel for the defense\" he will defend the accused.
IX. Translate the following into English (using the following words or expressions: against the law, verdict, rampant, to anticipate, to involve, to reconcile, on hand, at hand, under way, one's heart goes out to): 1)当时形而上学十分猖獗。
2)我没有预料到会卷入这场争端。
3)如果你想学到一些东西，那你就应该自己参加到这项工作中去。 4)陪审团裁决他有罪，法官判了他三年徒刑。
5)虽然种族隔离是违法的，但种族歧视在美国仍然以不同形式存在着。 6)他认为这两个观点是可以一致起来的。 7)他好像也就接受这个主意了。 8)观众对被告充满了同情心。
9)当时伦敦的报纸认为纳粹德国即将垮台。 10)他估计手头的侦察员只有三至五人。 11)合同签定后不久，工程就开始进行了。
X. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank: prison prepared defence guit legal criminal defendant trial afford
verdict witnesses cross-examine attend accused right innocence jury court evidence compelled at offence 12 tried counsel majority appeal unanimous prosecution two
Since___ law in Britain presumes the innocence of the accused until his_______ has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any advantage over the defence. A________ has the right to employ a________ adviser for his________ and if he cannot______________ to pay he may be granted legal aid wholly or partly___________ the public expense; if remanded in custody he may be visited in______ by his legal adviser to ensure that his defence is properly______.
During the_____ the defendant has the right to hear and subsequently to_______( normally through his counsel)all the witnesses for the _____;to call his own______ who, if they will not_______ the trial of their own free will, may be legally______ to attends and to address the____ either in person or through his___ -the defence having the___ to the last speech at the trial.
In criminal trials by_____ the judge determines questions of law, sums up the______ for the benefit of the jury, and acquits the_______ or passes sentence according to the ____________________________of the jury; but the jury alone decides the issue of____ guilt or___ Verdicts need not necessarily be ____;in certain circumstances the jury may bring in a_______ verdict provided that, in the normal jury of______ people, there are not more than_____ dissentients.
If the jury returns a verdict of ' not guilty, the prosecution has no right of____ and the defendant cannot be____ again for the same
XI. Topics for oral work
1) What is the author satirizing in this piece? What methods does he use to achieve this?
2) What have you learned about the U. S. judicial system from this lesson?
XII. Written work
Describe the climax of the trial within 250 words.
习题全解
I．
1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later．
2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom．religion and science．That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task． 3)Because the result would effect the whole country，even the world．
4)Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christion to be an evolutionist．Besides，the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally．Bryan just thought the opposite way.
5) The trial began with prayer by a local minister. This showed the connection of the religion (Christianity) with the law. Among 12 jurors three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. That showed that the religion and ignorance play an important role in the law. Judging by the fact above, the law and legal proce- dures in the U. S. at that time were not sensible.
6)John Scopes lost the case in the court, but he won in a real sense.
7)We cannot take the Bible literally. Actually there is something inconsistent in it. It can be accepted as a religious book whose interpretation should not be defined by some people only.
8)This article is intended to draw the world's attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science. II.
1)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial. 2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.
3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.
4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism
5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.
6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities
and were not fundamentalists.
7)As my father complained angrily, \"That' s no jury at all. \"
8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked. 9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.
10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with \"Amen\"
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text. Ⅳ.
1)legal terms: court, defence, criminal lawyer, leading councel for the prosecution, state legislature, trial, testify, a jury trial, case, indict, the U. S. Supreme Court, defend, presiding judge, attorney-general, open the session, juror, legality, witness, evidence, accuse, adjourn, verdict, jurymen, guilty, conviction
2)religious terms: fundamentalists , modernists, the Old Testament, fundamentalism, the Bible, agnostic, Catholic, Jew, infidel, God, Amen, Genesis\" Ⅴ.
1)Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach science, soon the magazines, books and newspapers will not be allowed to express new ideas.
2)\"It is doubtful whether man (rather the fundamentalist) has reasoning power,\" Darrow said in a contemptuous way.
3)The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals. The implication is there is nothing lofty, noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist.
4)This is a pun, i. e. playing on words. This sentence may have two different interpretations, depending on how you read it. If you pause before the dash, it means Darwin, the naturalist is correct. If you read out the whole sentence, it means Darwin the shop owner is directly inside.
5)Even the ape shuddered when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with human beings (especially the fundamentalists).
6) Malone considered the defeat a blessing in disguise, although Scopes was found guilty, they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to this issue.
7)The statement conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.
8)This shows that the jurors were ignorant, prejudiced and narrow minded. There couldn't be a fair and impartial trial.
9)Bryan's role is self-appointed. There is no need for Bryan to act as the spokesman. If a thing is true it does not need anyone, least of all Bryan, to defend it.
10) Bryan was dead against knowledge, Science and new ideas, so it was ironical to name a university after him because the function of a university was to spread knowl-edge, science and new ideas.
Ⅵ.
1)snowball: metaphor; grow or develop rapidly
2)circus atmosphere: metaphor; riotous holiday spirit 3)sprout: metaphor; grow or spring up quickly
4)spar: metaphor; fight with words, engage in argument 5)thunder: metaphor; say loudly and angrily
6)like a prairie fire: simile; spreading quickly, rapidly and overcoming all obstacles 7)scorch : metaphor wither, thoroughly defeat hot breath of his oratory: metaphor; the fiery speech, the caustic condemnation
8)a duel: metaphor; a life and death struggle
9)a storm of applause：metaphor；loud applause by many people 10)the oratorical duel：metaphor；the speech contest 11)spring the trump card：metaphor；take the most decisive course of action which one believes cannot fail
12)oratorical storm，blew up：metaphors；the great debate that took place like a fresh wind：simile；brought new and healthy changes．The great debate initiated by Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone in the little court in Dayton brought new and healthy changes throughout the schools and legislative offices of the United States Ⅶ．
1)hyperbole 2)transferred epithet 3)synecdoche 4) ridicule 5)sarcasm 6)irony 7)sarcasm 8)antithesis 9)hyperbole 10)ridicule，simile 11)ridicule 1 2)oxy-moran Ⅷ．
1)初级法院的裁决有利于父母，后来又作了相反的裁决。
2)立法部门制订法律，行政部门执行法律，司法部门解释法律。 3)三个证人出庭作证，证明他无罪。
4)他们呼吁速由一个公正的陪审团进行公审。
5)在美国法院，证人宣誓照实直说时，要把一只手放在《圣经》上。 6)自助者，上帝助之。
7)不管什么种族、民族和宗教信仰，在法律面前，法官应一视同仁。 8)Barristers是在法庭上进行控告或辩护的律师。
9)作为原告辩护律师，他就要尽力证明被告有罪。作为被告辩护律师，他就要为被告辩护。 Ⅸ.
1)At that time metaphysics was rampant．
2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute
3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something.
4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.
5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial
segregation is against the law.
6)I think we can reconcile the two views. 7)He seemed reconciled to the idea.
8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant.
9)The London papers expressed the view that the collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand.
10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand as ranging from three to five. 11)The project got under way soon after the signing of the contract. X.
criminal, guilt, defendant, legal, defence, afford, at, prison, prepared || trial, cross-examine, prosecution, witnesses, attend, compelled, court, counsel, right || jury, evidence, accused, verdict, innocence, unammous, majority|| appeal, tried, offence
XI. Omitted. XII.
Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution had to believe that the Bible must be interpreted word for word. And Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. Bryan agreed. Darrow read from Genesis : \"And the evening and the morning were the first day. \" Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, \"How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?\" At this, Bryan did not know what to say. Darrow then asked if he believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, \"And you be- lieve that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?\" \"I believe that.\" \"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?\" This made Bryan angry. \"Your honour,\" he said. \"I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him .-. \"\"I object to that statement,\" Darrow shouted. \"I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes. \"The spectators burst into a brawl. The judge used his gavel to calm them down and adjourned court until next day.
补充练习
《高级英语》第一册练习
Lesson 10
The Trial that Rocked the World
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. forlorn A. typical B. unhappy C. crowded D. simple 2. ponder A. strike B. injure C. cut D. think 3. shrewd A. quick
B. industrial C. suspicious D. clever 4. livid
A. clear green B. dark red C. light brown D. blue grey 5. scorch A. touch B. burn C. toast D. baked 6. prairie A. mountain B. basin C. high land D. grassland 7. twirl A. stir B. flow C. spin D. move
8. spectator A. onlooker B. participator C. orator
D. partner 9. magnetic A. skilful B. attractive C. energetic D. industrial 10. exhort
A. make sb. tired B. go abroad C. advise D. welcome 11. festoon A. stride B. display C. display D. decorate 12. erupt A. explode B. raise C. elevate D. break 13. indict A. explain B. charge C. write D. indicate 14. anticipate A. advance B. wait for C. foresee D. overlook 15. counsel A. lawyer B. officer C. governor D. teacher 16. reassure A. make sure B. confide C. comfort D. convince 17. prosecute A. perform B. accuse
C. predict D. defend 18. sprout A. appear B. grow C. develop
D. all the above 19. rickety A. strong B. brave C. sweat D. boiled
20. sweltering A. hot B. heat C. sweat D. boiled 21. nominee A. elector B. candidate C. voter
D. representative 22. verdict A. punishment B. penal C. opinion D. judgement 23. hail A. accept B. greet C. welcome D. receive 24. image A. shape B. figure C. feature D. likeness
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the following words or expressions in its proper form. Each word or expression is to be used only once.
adhere to, adjourn, advance, collapse, contaminate, on hand, overlook, reconcile, rule out, snowball, take on, under way,
violate
1. All his old friends will beto see Jack receive the medal of honour.
2. He resolutelywhat he had said at the meeting,. He wouldn't change his mind in any way.
3. The biologista new theory of life.
4.They blockaded the Suez Canal, whichthe international agreement. 5. Once the business starts, we should be able to take on more staff.
6. After the students put up Christmas decorations, the classrooma holiday appearance.
7. The yearly campaign to raise funds for the Red Cross is alreadythat he wouldn't want to talk to her after their quarrel.
8. The Middle East Peace Conferencedue to the fact that the Israeli government had just expelled 12 Palestinians.
9. Friends managedhim with his wife after years of separation.
10. From our house on the hillside, we canthe whole of the port and harbour. 11. The water in this part of the riverwith waste from the factory. 12. The earthquake caused many building.
13. The police havemurder but are still holding several people for questioning..
Ⅲ.Replace each underlined part with one word learnt in the text, the first letter of which is given:
1. She felt her confidence restoredafter the teacher told her she could pass the examination. r
2. Meningitis is widespread especially during early spring. r 3. China Daily receives messages from all parts of the world. d 4. Her performance exceeded my expectations. s
5. Caught at the scene of the theft, the pickpocket bent low from fear at the corner. c
6. He criticized severely and publicly the practice of heart transplants. d 7. Dr. Quilty sat on the corner of his desk. p
8. She slipped through a large crowd of people, frantically searching for David. t
Ⅳ. Make up the missed letters of the words according to the context provided. 1. Something that is c is connected with crime or with the punishment of crime. 2. If a situation or activity i someone or something, it includes them as a necessary part or it uses them in some way.
3. If you can d___ one thing from another thing or d___ between two things, you can see or understand the difference between them. If you describe someone as d___or describe their work or career as d___ you mean that they have been very successful in their work or career and therefore have a high reputation. d
4. When you w something, you say something to someone very quietly, using only your
breath rather than using your throat, so that other people cannot hear what you are saying. 5. A l translation is one in which you translate each word of the original work rather than giving the meaning of each expression or sentence using words that sound natural.
6. When animals, plants, insects, etc e , they gradually change and develop into different forms.
7. If you v____ an agreement, law, or promise, you break it. If you v___someone's privacy or peace, you disturb it. v 8. R___ is the state of being well known, usually for something good, a rather formal or literary word. If someone or something is r___(-ed) for a particular quality or thing, they are well-known or admired because of it. r
9. The e is anything that you see, experience, read or are told that causes you to believe that something is true or has really happened.
10. If you oof to something you express your opposition, dislike, o disapproval of it.
Ⅴ.Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text. 1. A dozen professors and scientist from various parts of the country arrived at Dayton and formed a counsel to defend John Scopes.
2. John Scopes taught evolution and he did not believe in God. 3. If anyone had foreseen that the case would snowball, it would have been John Scopes. For he knew that for a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalist and the modernists before he accepted the job as a science master and football coach at the secondary school.
4. George Rappelyea was an engineer. He used to argue with the local people because he thought the teaching of evolution was against the law.
5. The town of Dayton took on a circus atmosphere because the fundamentalists who had arrived to cheer Bryan were excited and joyous.
第一册第10课练习答案
1-1: / 答案:B 1-2: / 答案:D 1-3: / 答案:D 1-4: / 答案:D 1-5: / 答案:B 1-6: / 答案:D 1-7: / 答案:C 1-8: / 答案:A 1-9: / 答案:B 1-10: / 答案:C 1-11: / 答案:D 1-12: / 答案:A
1-13: / 答案:B 1-14: / 答案:C 1-15: / 答案:A 1-16: / 答案:C 1-17: / 答案:B 1-18: / 答案:D 1-19: / 答案:D 1-20: / 答案:A 1-21: / 答案:B 1-22: / 答案:D 1-23: / 答案:B 1-24: / 答案:D 2-1: /
答案: on hand 2-2: /
答案: adhered to 2-3: /
答案:advanced 2-4: /
答案:violated 2-5: /
答案: to snowball 2-6: /
答案: took on 2-7: /
答案:under way 2-8: /
答案:adjourned 2-9: /
答案:to reconcile 2-10: /
答案:overlook 2-11: /
答案: is contaminated 2-12: /
答案: to collapse 2-13: /
答案:ruled out 3-1: /
答案: reassured 3-2: /
答案:rampant 3-3: /
答案: dispatches
3-4: /
答案: surpassed 3-5: /
答案:cowered 3-6: /
答案: denounced 3-7: /
答案: perched 3-8: /
答案: throngs 4-1: /
答案: criminal 4-2: /
答案: involves 4-3: /
答案:distinguish(ed) 4-4: /
答案:whisper 4-5: /
答案: literal 4-6: /
答案: evolve 4-7: /
答案:violate 4-8: /
答案:Renown 4-9: /
答案:evidence 4-10: /
答案:object 5-1: /
答案: F 5-2: /
答案: F 5-3: / 答案: F 5-4: /
答案: F 5-5: / 答案: T
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