【就近原则】
欧阳光明（2021.03.07）
也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity），即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。 I.在正式文体中：
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：\"there be＋句型; or ; either …or；nor; neither…nor；whether…or；not…but; not only…but also\" ; 等。e.g.
①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。
④Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。 ⑤You or he is going to be sent to study abroad. ⑥He or we are going to be sent to study abroad.
⑦Not his parents but he doesn’t want to go. 是他的父母亲不想去而不是他不想去。
⑧Neither you nor I am a stranger here. 你和我都不是刚来这里。 ⑨Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret? 他和他的同学都不知道这个密秘？
注意：and连接的并列主语，采用意义一致原则（谓语动词要和主
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
语意义上的单复数一致）
Ham and eggs is a good breakfast. (ham and eggs 固定搭档，已成为一种食物)
The singer and dancer is my mother. 意思是我妈妈是歌唱家又是舞蹈家。
The singer and the dancer are good friends. 歌唱家和舞蹈家是好朋友。
区别在于是不是表达两种事物。
Thought and language are instruments of an art to the artist. 思想和语言是艺术家艺术创作的手段。
Vice and virtue are materials for an art to the artist. 邪恶与美德是艺术家艺术创作的素材。
(1)There be 句型，当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时，be的数由与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。
There is an apple, a pear and two bananas in the bag.
( an apple 最靠近be 的位置，an apple是单数，所以谓语用is ) There are twobananas, an apple and a pear in the bag.
（two bananas最靠近be 的位置，two bananas是复数，所以谓语用are）
There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果，两个梨子和一些桔子。
There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子，一些桔子和一个苹果。
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
(2)Neither...nor...
Neither you nor he is right.（这句有两个主语，一个是you 一个是he, 由于he 最近谓语的位置，所以谓语用is) = neither he nor you are right.
(3) Either...or...
Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.(Jim 最近谓语，所以用is )= Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.（they 最靠近谓语，所以用are）
(4) Not only...but also... Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.(her parents 最近谓语，所以谓语stay用复数 ) = Not only Ann's parents but also she stays at home every Sunday.（ she 最近谓语，所以谓语用第三人称单数 “stays \"）
2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。There be句型也是一种倒装句形式。
II. 非正式文体中：
有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.
Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式）
Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
（正式）
但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.
No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
【就远原则】
谓语动词与前面主语一致
代表词汇：as well as；（together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from“名词 + 介词 / 介词短语（ with，together with，along with，as well as 等） + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由介词前的名词的单复数形式决定。
如：
Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing. You as well as your brother have been accepted.
【单数原则】
1. 主语从句、不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
如：
What we can’t get seems better than what we have . Taking more exercise is good for your health.
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
2. 定语从句中，当先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语与先行词的人称和数保持一致；但“ one of + 名词复数”作先行词时，如在 one 前有 the，the very，the only 等词修饰时，从句谓语动词要用单数形式，若没有，则用复数形式。
如：
He is one of the students who have been praised by the headmaster. He is the only one of the students who has been praised by the headmaster.
【复数原则】
“the + 形容词”作主语表示一类人时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
如：
The rich don’t understand the life of the poor. The wounded have been given careful attention.
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07
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