动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
eg：The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2) 动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 2. 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。 3) to be +形容词
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 注意
有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 3. 不定式作主语
1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意
1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 for 与of 的辨别方法
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。) 4. 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 5. 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light. 6. 不定式作状语 1) 目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2) 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于\"形容词+动词不定式\"结构的末尾。 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to
注意：
省to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2) 使役动词 let, have, make：
3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 注意
在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather，had better： 5) Why… / why not…：
6) help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7) but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。 2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题
1) Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。 3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是
否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1) too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为\"不太\"。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 不定式的特殊句型Why not
\"Why not +动词原形\"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：\"为什么不……?\" \"干吗不……?\"
例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 不定式的时态和语态
时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 动名词与不定式
1) 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： stop to do stop doing
forget to do forget doing
remember to do remember doing cease to do cease doing try to do try doing
go on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doing
interested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doing
begin/start to do begin/start doing 特殊词精讲
stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。 典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择\"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事\"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 stop doing/to do forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做) 典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh, I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事。 try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为\"怕\"； be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为\"生怕，恐怕\"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解) I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法) mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry. 我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth. 我开始明白真相。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt.
感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\"我看见了\"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (强调\"我见他正干活\"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案：A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
分词及独立主格的用法
1．分词的时态和语态
1）分词分为现在分词和过去分词，其否定形式为not + 分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having + 过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.
2）现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式。如：
The question being discussed is important.
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
2．分词的用法 1）作定语
分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。如：
The man standing by the windows is our teacher. The excited people rushed into the building. 注意：现在分词作定语时表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. ①现在分词作定语
A．现在分词作定前置时静感强，而后置的现在分词动感强。如： The working people are the wisest.
The farmers working here are very busy. 能前置的现在分词为数不太多，常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词，前常有程度副词，有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。如： I have brought very exciting news to you.
This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
B．有些现在分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作，这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。如：
Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise ?
Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise ? The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.
有些现在分词作定语时表示经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态。此类现在人词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态。如：They stayed at a hotel standing (which stood) by the lake.
The temple standing (that stood) on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty. C．从形式来看，前置现在分词多为单个分词，而后置现在分词多为短语。但也不能绝对如此，要视情况而定。要是强调动感，即使是单个分词也应后置。如： Look! The girl singing is Alice and one dancing is Mary.
从内容来讲，前置现在分词多为不及物动词，一般没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语状语。如： Barking dogs seldom bite.
The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
注意：现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语，而用作后置定语。 We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. ②过去分词作定语
过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示增添的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：
This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer. He is a man loved by all.
如果指的动作现在正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可用现在分词的被动形式作定语。如：
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
如果指的是一个未来动作，可用不定式的被动形式作定语。如：
You are invited to a party to be given at our institute at 6: 00 next Sunday evening. 2）作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。如： Being a student, I must study hard. （原因）
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. （时间） The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. （方式） 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作，用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作，也可用having been done. 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出。
有时“with（without） + 名词（或代词宾语） + 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。如：
He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken.
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词前必须加上自己的主语，此结构被称为独立主格结构。如：
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. 3）作表语。如：
The news is inspiring. The glass is broken.
4）作宾语补足语。如：
We saw the teacher making the experiment.
注意：在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。如： I saw the girl getting on the bus.
I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.
注意：“have + 宾语 + 现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如： He had his clothes washed. （他叫别人洗了衣服。）
We had the fire burning all day. （我们使火燃烧了一整天。）
独立主格结构
（一）独立主格结构的构成
独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。
使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。 1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如： The man lay there, his hands trembling.
有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如： The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.
2．名词（或代词） + 过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如： The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.
3．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语）
形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态等。如： The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
4．名词（或代词） + 副词
副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。如： The meeting over, we all went home.
5．名词（或代词） + 介词短语
The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
6．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。如：
He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
有时独立主格结构中名词前的定语可以省略。如：
The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed/(a) book in (his) hand.
（二）独立主格结构的作用 1．作状语 1）表示时间
His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping. 2）表示原因
There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home. 3）表示条件
Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball. 4）表示方式或伴随
He sat at the table, head down. 2．作同位语
Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 3．作定语
Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
（三）有时用with/without引导的复合结构作状语，在句中可作定语或状语。如： Do you know the girl with a basket on her back ?
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