2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析 Passage1(旧题) 题材：历史文化类 题目：TattooonTikopia 题型：判断4+图表填空5+表格填空4 文章大意： 本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景(定义、历史)，科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。 ATherearestilldebatesabouttheoriginsofPolynesianculture,butonethingwecanensureisthatPolynesiaisnotasingletribebutacomplexone.PolynesianswhichincludesMarquesans，Samoans,Niueans,Tongans,CookIslanders,Hawaiians,Tahitians,andMaori,arcgeneticallylinkedtoindigenouspeoplesofpartsofSoutheastAsia.Itsasub-regionofOccania,comprisingofalargegroupingofover1,000islandsscatteredoverthecentralandsouthernPacificOcean,withinatrianglethathasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIslandasitscorners. BPolynesianhistoryhasfascinatedthewesternworldsincePacificcultureswerefirstcontactedbyEuropeanexplorersinthelate18thcentury.ThesmallislandofTikopia,formanypeople-evenformanySolomonIslanders--issofarawaythatitseemslikeamythicalland;aplacelikeNamiathatmagicallandinC.S.Lewis,classic,‘TheChroniclesofNamia.”Maybebecauseofit—Tikopia,itspeople,andtheircultureshavelongfascinatedscholars,travelers,andcasualobservers.LikethepioneersPeterDillion,DumoniD'UrvilleandJohnColleridgePattersonwhovisitedandwroteabouttheislandinthe1800s,RaymondFirthisoneofthosepeoplecapturedbythealluringattractionofTikopia.Asaresult,hehadmadeanumberoftripstotheislandsince1920sandrecordedhisexperiences,observationsandreflectionsonTikopia,itspeople,culturesandthechangesthathaveoccurred. CWhileengagedinstudyofthekinshipandreligiouslifeofthepeopleofTikopia,Firthmadeafewobservationsontheirtattooing.BriefthoughthesenotesaretheymaybeworthputtingonrecordasanindicationofthesociologicalsettingofthepracticeinthisprimitivePolynesiancommunity.TheoriginoftheEnglishword‘tattoo'actuallycomesfromtheTikopiaword'tatau1.Thewordfortattoomarksingeneralistau,andtheoperationoftattooingisknownastatau,tabeingthegenerictermfortheactofstriking. DThetechniqueoftattooingwassimilarthroughoutPolynesia.Traditionaltattooartistscreatetheirindelibletattoosusingpigmentmadefromthecandlenutorkukuinut.First,theybumthenutinsideabowlmadeofhalfacoconutshell.Theythenscrapeoutthesootanduseapestletomixitwithliquid.Bluingissometimesaddedtocounteractthereddishhueofthecarbon-basedpigment.Italsomakestheoutlineoftheinscribeddesignsbolderonthedarkskinoftattooingsubjects. EFortheinstrumentsusedwhentattooing,specialistsusedarangeofchiselsmadefromalbatrosswingbonewhichwerehaftedontoa精心整理
精心整理 handlewhichwasmadefromtheheartwoodofthebushandstruckwithamallet.Thetattooerbeganbysketchingwithcharcoaladesignonthesupinesubject,whoseskinatthatlocationwasstretchedtautbyonemoreapprentices.Thetattooerthendippedtheappropriatepoints-eitherasingleoneorawholecombintotheink(usuallycontainedinacoconut-shellcup)andtappeditintothesubject'sskin,holdingthebladehandleinonehandandtappingitwiththeother.Thebloodthatusuallytrickledfromthepunctureswaswipedawayeitherbythetattooerorhisapprentice,thelatterhavingalsoservedbyrestrainingapain-wrackedsubjectfrommoving,fortheoperationwasinevitablypainfulatestoffortitudethattattooerssoughttoshortenbyworkingasfastaspossible.Infact,tattoosnearlyalwaysfesteredandoftenledtosickness-andinsomecasesdeath. FInancientPolynesiansociety,nearlyeveryonewastattooed.Itwasanintegralpartofancientcultureandwasmuchmorethanabodyornament.Tattooingindicatedonesgenealogyand/orrankinsociety.Itwasasignofwealth,ofstrengthandoftheabilitytoendurepain.Thosewhowentwithoutthemwereseenaspersonsoflowersocialstatus.Assuch,chiefsandwarriorsgenerallyhadthemostelaboratetattoos.Tattooingwasgenerallybegunatadolescence，andwouldoftennotbecompletedforanumberofyears.Receivingtattooconstitutedanimportantmilestonebetweenchildhoodandadulthood,andwasaccompaniedbymanyritesandrituals.Apartfromsignalingstatusandrank,anotherreasonforthepracticeintraditionaltimeswastomakeapersonmoreattractivetotheoppositesex. GThemalefacialtattooisgenerallydividedintoeightsectionsoftheface.Thecenteroftheforeheaddesignatedaperson'sgeneralrank.Theareaaroundthebrowsdesignatedhisposition.Theareaaroundtheeyesandthenosedesignatedhishapu,orsub-triberank.Theareaaroundthetemplesservedtodetailmsmaritalstatus,likethenumberofmarriages.Theareaunderthenosedisplayedhissignature.Thissignaturewasoncememorizedbytribalchiefswhouseditwhenbuyingproperty,signingdeeds,andofficiatingorders.Thecheekareadesignatedthenatureoftheperson'swork.Thechinareashowedtheperson'smana.Lastly,thejawareadesignatedaperson'sbirthstatus. HAperson'sancestryisindicatedoneachsideoftheface.Theleftsideisgenerallythefather'sside，andtherightsidewasthemother's.Themanutahidesignisworkedonthemen’sback.Itconsistsoftwoverticallinesdrawndownthespine,withshortverticallinesbetweenthem.Whenamanhadthemanutahionhisback,hetookprideinhimself.Atgatheringsofthepeoplehecouldstandforthintheirmidstanddisplayhistattoodesignswithsongs.Androwsoftrianglesdesignonthemen'schestindicatehisbravery. ITattoowasawaydeliveringinformationofitsowner.It’salsoatraditionalmethodtofetchspiritualpower,protectionandstrength.ThePolynesiansusethisasasignofcharacter,positionandlevelsinahierarchy.Polynesianpeoplesbelievethataperson’smana,theirspiritualpowerorlifeforce,isdisplayedthroughtheirtattoo. 部分答案： 判断题 1.ScientistsliketodoresearchinTikopiabecausethistinyplaceisofgreatremoteness. 2.FirthwasthefirstscholartostudynoTikopia. 3.FirthstudiedtheculturedifferencesonTikopiaaswellasonsomeotherislandsofPacific. 精心整理
精心整理 4.TheEnglishword“tattoo”isevolvedfromthelocallanguageoftheisland. 答案：1.Y2.N3NG4Y 答案：5coconutshell6soot7liquid8heartwood9wingbone 表格填空题 答案：10(the)forehead11chin(area)12mother’sancestry 13verticallines14triangles 参考阅读： C9T4P3TheDevelopmentofMuseum Passage2 题材：科技类 题目：Cultureandthought 题型：段落信息配对题5(NB)+人名观点配对题4+句子填空4 文章大意：研究不同地区、不同文化的人对事物认知的差异性。 参考阅读： C5T3P3TheReturnofArtificialIntelligence Passage3 题材：生物类 题目：Therightofapes 题型：有选项填空5+选择5+判断4 文章大意： 讨论人猿是否应享受人类的权利。有科学家提出应该享受和人同等权利，并为此做出努力;但实施该观点有很多困难，分析了社会等因素。 参考阅读： C7T3P1AntIntelligence 精心整理
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