理解英语句子，关键是是把握句子的主干。概括而言，语言的功能无非是描述人或物的动作或存在的状态。结合五种基本结构，我们更能够清楚地看出：在每一种结构中，S（主语）┼V（动词）就是英语句子的主干。事实上，每一个英语句子的构成只能有一个句子主干。这是学习英语语法很重要的一点。
一些语言学家归纳出英语句子的5种基本结构。以下具体讲解这五种句子结构：
1. S┼V（主语+谓语）
Spring comes at last. 春天终于来了。 It’s raining. 天下着雨。
Mr. Einstein has arrived. 爱因斯坦先生已经到达。 2. S┼V┼O（主语+谓语+宾语）
Frank is watering flowers. 弗兰克正在浇花。 He finally found his glasses. 他终于找到了眼镜。 The policemen had arrested Joe. 警察已经将乔逮捕。
3.S┼V┼Sc（主语+系动词+表语）
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 The food smells good. 食物闻起来很香。
The result proved satisfactory. 结果令人满意。 4. S┼V┼O┼Oc （主语+谓语+宾语+宾补）
The shiny moon makes everybody happy. 银色的月光让大家都很快乐。 He called himself Sir Five Willows. 他自称为“五柳先生”。 General Li shot the tiger dead. 李将军射杀老虎。
5. S┼V┼iO┼dO或S┼V┼dO┼P┼iO（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）The invention of electricity has brought people a more colorfuI nightlife. 电的发明给人类带来了丰富多彩的夜生活。
He bought himself a pair of shoes. (He bought a pair of shoes for himself.) 他给自己买了双鞋。
My classmates asked me many questions. 同学们问了我许多问题。
总结：其实可以把第1.2.4.5四种情况概括在一起，即 主谓宾 即英语句子主干主要有2种情况： I am tired.我(是)很累了(主系表) I love China. 我爱中国(主谓宾)
英语句子结构分析
一、简单句句子成分
01 The train has arrived. She dances beautifully. Kate’s uncle lives in a village.
主语 谓语 主 谓 状语 主 谓 地点状语 主语：动作的执行者，名词、代词、-ing形式、不定式to do等可以作主语。 谓语：表示动作，由动词担任。英语句子不同时态、语态形式都在谓语部分体现。 状语：修饰谓语，由副词或其它结构担任，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、目的、条件等。
02 His parents bought a pair of shoes. Tom’s father bought him a new bike yesterday. 主 谓 宾语 主 谓 间宾 直宾 时间状语
宾语：动作的对象，名词、代词、-ing形式、不定式to do等可以作宾语。有的动词如bring、give、buy、offer等可以带两个宾语，一个指人（间接宾语），另个指物（直接宾语）。
注意：只有及物动词（Vt.）才能直接带宾语，不及物动词（Vi.）后面不能直接跟宾语。 03 The nine-year-old boy gave Tom and me a beautiful birthday present last Sunday. 定语 主 谓 间宾 定语 直宾 时间状语
定语：放在（主语或宾语）名词前修饰名词，由形容词或其它结构担任。
Please give me the book on the shelf. (祈使句，省略主语you) 谓 间宾 直宾 定语（后置） 04 London is the capital of England. 主 系动词 表语 （“系动词+表语”构成“系表结构”，作谓语） 05 The food tastes good. The teacher looks angry. The boy felt sad. 主 系动词 表语 主 系 表 主 系 表
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表语：跟在系动词后面。常见系动词有be、look（看起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）、taste（尝起来）、feel（感觉，感到）、seem（似乎），表示变化的become、get、turn等
注意：以上动词若表示其它含义，就不是系动词，而是行为动词，后面就不能带形容词作表语。注意下面两句中look的不同含义：
The little boy looked at the paintings very happily. The little boy looked unhappy. 定 主 谓 宾 状语（副词） 定 主 系 表（形容词） 06 The meeting on Friday was put off because of the heavy rain. 主 定语（后置） 谓语（被动语态） 原因状语
07 They did everything to save the worker’s life. He was strong enough to raise the heavy box.. 主 谓 宾 目的状语 主 系 表 结果状语 08 The old man told me to go there by underground. 主 谓 宾 宾补 方式状语
宾补：宾语补足语，补充说明宾语。
09 It took the students more than three hours to do their homework every day. 主（形式） 真正主语
注意：当句子主语结构太长时，往往用it放在谓语前面充当形式主语，而真正主语放在句尾，以保持句子的平衡。
10 There are two apples on the table. 注意：There be 句型的主语在be动词后面。
主语
11 How wonderfully ∣ he sings! How beautiful ∣ the vase is! How + adv. ∣ 主 谓 How + adj. ∣ 主 系
12 What an intelligent girl ∣ she is! What important advice ∣ you have given me! What + a/an+ adj. +n. ∣ 主 系 What + n ∣ 主 谓 注意：感叹句的句子结构1）How感叹句：How + adv.( adj.) +主谓…!
2) What感叹句：What +（a/an）+ adj. +n. +主谓…！ 13 It hardly snows in South China, does it? 注意反义疑问句结构：陈述部分+反问？
sister. 主 谓 间宾 宾语从句（引导词that）
15 She asked me whether/if Mrs Smith would come. 宾语从句（引导词whether/if是否）
16 Tony wondered what Father Christmas had put in his stocking. 宾语从句（引导词what什么）
17 Could you tell me whose bicycle this is? 注意：该句中Could表示客气语气，不是过去时。
宾语从句（引导词whose谁的）
18 We soon learned how they grew organic vegetable. I don’t know what is wrong with his 宾语从句（引导词how怎样） 宾语从句（引导词what
什么）
19 Let’s decide when and where we shall meet. → Let’s decide when and where to meet. 宾语从句（引导词when and where） 不定式短语作宾语
注意：宾语从句在句中作宾语；引导词有that、whether/if（是否）、what、where、when、how等疑问词；1）宾语从句中用陈述语序（主语在前，谓语在后）；2）如果主句是过去时，从句用相应的过去的时态（一般现在→一般过去，现在进行→过去进行，一般将来→过去将来，现在完成→过去完成，一般过去→过去完成）；但是如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，从句仍用一般现在时；3）疑问词引导的宾语从句常常可以转换成“疑问词+to do”结构。
20 If I have time tomorrow, I will go shopping with you. （主将从现）
条件状语从句，引导词if（如果）
21 He won’t pass the exam unless he works hard every day. （主将从现）unless = if not
条件状语从句，引导词unless（除非，如果不）
注意：条件状语从句中不能用将来时，若要表示将来的动作，必须用一般现在时代替。 22 I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 时间状语从句，引导词as soon as（一……就）
23 The boy wants to be a scientist when he grows up. 时间状语从句，引导词when（当……的时候）
24 The workers didn’t leave until they finished all the work. 时间状语从句，引导词until（直到……）
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二、复合句句子结构（主句、从句）
14 The teacher told children that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
注意：时间状语从句中不能用将来时，若要表示将来的动作，必须用一般现在时代替。 25 The foreign teacher has taught children English since she came to Shanghai.
提醒：注意主句、从句时态搭配。 时间状语从句，引导词since（直从……以来）
26 I didn’t go to see the film last week because I had seen it.
原因状语从句，引导词because（因为）
27 Now that smoking is harmful to your health, you should give it up. 原因状语从句，引导词now that（既然）
28 Although they are old, they still work in the fields every day. 让步状语从句，引导词although（虽然，尽管） 29 The doctor still went on working though he felt very tired. 让步状语从句，引导词though（虽然，尽管）
30 The suitcase is so heavy that we have to find a trolley. 结果状语从句，引导词so…that（如此……以至于）
31 Speak louder so that the whole class can hear you. 目的状语从句，引导词so that…（为了）
32 My diet is as healthy as yours (is). 比较状语从句，引导词as… as…（和…一样） 33 Liu Xiang runs faster than any other boy in our school. 比较状语从句，引导词than（更）
注意：该句可以换种方式表达Because 四、反义疑问句
39 The old man can hardly read or write.（改为反意疑问句）
The old man can hardly read or write, ______ ______?
40 There is no important information in the newspaper. （改为反意疑问句）
There is no important information in the newspaper, ______ ______? 41 He failed to swim across the river in ten minutes. （改为反意疑问句）
He failed to swim across the river in ten minutes, ______ ______?
42 Mike’s already got much information about the suspect. （改为反意疑问句）
Mike’s already got much information about the suspect, ______ ______?
注意：反义疑问句的反问部分由“助动词+人称代词主格”组成，若陈述部分是肯定句，反问部分就用否定，即：“肯定-否定式”；若陈述部分是否定，反问部分就用肯定，即“否定-肯定式”。但应注意除not、no表示否定外，还有never、hardly、rarely、seldom、few、little都表示否定。
五、特殊疑问句（划线部分提问）
43 My parents will go to America in two days. （划线部分提问）
_____ _____ will your parents go to America?
44 Billy’s uncle and aunt used to go to the cinema once a month. （划线部分提问）
_____ _____ _____ Billy’s uncle and aunt ___ to go to the cinema?
45 The foreign teacher has taught children English since she came to Shanghai. （划线部分提问）
______ ______ ______ the foreign teacher ______ children English? 46 It is five kilometers away from our school to the park. （划线部分提问）
______ ______ ______ it from our school to the park?
47 The cars ran 80 miles per hour on the highway. （划线部分提问）
______ ______ ______the cars ______ on the highway? 48 The coat cost him 100 dollars.. （划线部分提问）
______ ______ ______ the coat ______ him?
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三、并列句
34 Mr. Wang teaches physics and Miss Li teaches chemistry. 并列句，连接词and，表示“和”
and连接的两个并列句子，时态
往往一致
35 He used to go fishing on Sunday, but now he often plays tennis. 并列句，连接词but，表示“但是”
36 The doctor felt very tired, but he still went on working.
该句可以换种方式表达Although 37 Hurry up, or you will be late for school again. 并列句，连接词or，表示“否则” 注意：该句可以换种方式表达If 38 Tony had a headache yesterday, so he asked for leave. 并列句，连接词so，表示“因此，所以”
定语从句总结（by 2PAC）
概念：
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）：
定语从句在复合句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导。定语从句又称为形容词性从句。 关系词
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：
①连接主从句。
②指代先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ③在定语从句中充当句子成分。 考点：
关系词的选择（先行词不完整的情况要补充完整） 解题步骤：
①找出先行词。
②找出定语从句。
③判断定语从句中缺少什么成分。
④把先行词带入定语从句中，构成一个完整的句子。 题型示例：
1.The man [who lives next to us] sells vegetables.（主） 解析：① 先行词是 the man. ② 定语从句是[ ]里面的.
③ 定语从句中缺少主语，而先行词指人，所以关系词可以用who或that.
④ The man lives next to us.是一个完整的句子。
2. October 1, 2008 is the day [that I will never forget].
解析：① 先行词是 the day. ② 定语从句是[ ]里面的.
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③ 定语从句中缺少宾语，而先行词指物，所以关系词可以用which或that.还可以省略。
④ I will never forget the day.是一个完整的句子。
关系代词用法小结：
That：
指人又指物，做主语也可以做宾语。做宾语时可以省略。但不能引导非限制性定语从句。（注：只能用that不能用which的情况详见英语必修一练习册第四单元，在此不作详述）。 Which：
只能指物（除了人都是物，比如时间，地点，原因…），可以做主语也可以做宾语。做宾语时可以省略 Who:
只能指人，做主语也可以做宾语。做宾语时可以省略。 Whom：
只能指人，只能做宾语。做宾语时可以省略。 Whose：
表示从属关系，即“…的…”可以指人也可以指物的从属。 特别注意：
1. 只有whom 和which前面可以加介词。
2. 限制性定语从句中，先行词做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。
如：A: She is the girl ___I want to visit.(她是那个我想拜访的女孩) 解析: the girl是先行词，指人，做宾语，所以关系词可以用that，who, whom还可以省略。I want to visit the girl.是一个完整句子。
对比: B: She is the girl___I want to speak.(她是那个我想和她说话的女孩)
解析：the girl是先行词，指人，做宾语。但是 speak是不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语。要跟介词 to.即：I want to speak to the girl.才是完整的句子。所以该题的答案是 to whom.
以上A.B两题的唯一区别就是:从句中谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。 As的用法:
1.在限制性定语从句中，构成the same…as…和 such(a)…as…
Eg..He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
2.在非限制性定语从句中，一般有如下短语： As we/you know 众所周知 As is known to all 众所周知
As is reported/ as has been reported 正如所报道的 As is expected/ as has been expected 正如所预料的 Eg. He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
关系副词的用法小结：
When：做时间状语，表示“在…时候”，可以等于相应的介词+ which Eg: 1985 is the year when I was born.
Where：做地点状语，表示“在…地方”，可以等于相应的介词+ which Eg: This is the school where I have been working for 3 years. Why: 做原因状语，表示“因为…”，只能等于 for which,且先行词一般为the reason Eg: That was the reason why I was late this morning.
非限制性定语从句（Why 和 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句.）
非限制性定语从句对先行词起附加说明的作用，可以去掉。而限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定的作用，不能去掉。
Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history. She was late again, which made her boss very angry. The old man has two sons, both of whom are doctors.
定语从句专项练习题
1. The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _______last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
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A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day ______I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there
7.Can you lend me the book ______the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked
8.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 9.I'm interested in ______you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
10.He isn't such a man ______he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as
11.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what
12.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
13.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
14.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
15.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 16.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./
17.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
18.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
19. I have bought two ball pens, _____ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 20.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
21.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
22. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 23. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened? --- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
24. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
25. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing. A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are 26. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn? A. that B. / C. which D. it
27. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
注： 限制性定语从句……修饰限定
非限制性定语从句…补充说明 同位语从句…………解释说明
1. The girl who is playing basketball is my sister. 2. She is too fat, which makes her unhappy.
3. Do you know the news that she was married last week? 判断句型：
1. The news that she told me yesterday is true.
2. The news that she had an accident yesterday is true.
名词性从句（by Mr.Frank）
一．概念：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1. 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连 接 词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
二. 比较：whether与if 均为 \"是否\"的意思。 但在下列情况下，只用whether不用if.
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句和同位语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4.从句后有\"or not\"
Whether he will come is not clear.
三． 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 四. 名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期 三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
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你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
五. 名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。例如：
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。 宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。 表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
同位语：I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
名词性从句练习题
1. _____ we need more practice is quite clear. A. When B. What C. That D. /
2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business. A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when 3. _____ he is doing seems quite difficult. A. How B. That C. Which D. What
4. _____ that there is another good harvest this year.
A. It says B. It is said C. It was said D. He was said 5. _____ that she has received a doctor‘s degree. A. It’s a splendid news
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B. This is a splendid news C. It‘s splendid news D. This is splendid news
6. _____ still needs to be discussed. A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan carried out 7. _____ is unknown to us all. A. Where did she put it B. Where she put it C. That where she put it D. In which she put it
8. The reason why I have to go is _____ if I don‘t. A. that she will be disappointed B. because she will be disappointed C. on account of her being disappointed D. that she will be disappointing
9. _____ do you think will teach us maths next term？ A. Whom B. Who C. What D. That
10. He often thinks of _____ he can do more for the four modernizations. A. what B. how C. that D. which
非谓语动词（by Mr.Frank）
非谓语动词主要有不定式①，现在分词④和过去分词⑦等三种形式以及这三种形式的形变，即： ① to do 表将来，表② to be done 表“将③ to have done 表该目的 要被” 动作发生在谓语动词意为“为了” 前，只用于句中，且句子无逗号。 ④ doing 表主动，表⑤ being done 表“正⑥ having done 表示该进行。 在被” 动作发生在谓语动词前，多用于句首，且句子有逗号。 ⑦ done 表被动，表 完成。 ⑦ Followed by his son, the man came into the room. (the man 是逻辑主语)
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.( the city 是逻辑主语)
注意；有一种以系动词开头的短语，我们称之为系表结构的短语，此类短语的非谓语形式直接把系动词去掉就可以了。这样的短语很多。Eg；get/be tired of, be interested in, be seated <坐在..>, be faced with<面对>……
举例：Faced with lots of problems, she felt upset.
= Facing lots of problems, she felt upset.
Seated on the stone, the boy was reading a book. =Sitting on the stone, the boy was reading a book.
Tired of the city life, she made up her mind to move to a village at last.
非谓语动词考点分析（concluded by Mr.Frank）
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C, did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析：表示主动，用现在分词.
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。意为“将会被…”
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分别举例：
① To complete the project in time, we should work harder than before. She kept silent about the accident so as not to lose her job.
② The question to be discussed tonight is not the one discussed yesterday. The next Olympics to be held in London will attract lots of visitors. ③ I am sorry to have broken your heart. She seems to have caught a cold.
④ Following his father, the boy came into the room.(the boy 是逻辑主语) Seeing from the top of the hill, we found the city more beautiful.（we是逻辑主语）
⑤ Being watched by a number of people, the monkey felt shy. The boy being questioned by the policeman is a chief.
⑥ Having finished his homework, the boy went on to watch TV. =With his homework finished, the boy went on to watch TV.
Not having heard from his sister for a long time, the boy became upset.
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 解析：make/have/let sb do; sb be made to do sth.
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 析： ask/ tell/ order/warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式 6．—I usually go there by train.
—Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：having done 表示该动作先于谓语动词之前发生，且非谓语动词的否定式皆为把Not 放在其前面。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer. A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented
析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，而表“认为”时，多跟to do, to have done, 或to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited 析：表示被邀请，而且是过去的动作.
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：with sth to do表“要去做” with sth done 表“做完了”
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非谓语动词专练
1.______ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving
2.The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language
came out in the 16th century.
A.to be written B.written C.being written D.having written 3.The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river. A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.playing
4.______ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him. A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing 5.When passing me he pretended ______ me.
A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen 6.With the boy ______ the way,we had no trouble ______ the way
______ to Zhongshan Park.
A.leading;finding;leading B.to lead;found;to lead C.led;finding;led
D.leading;found;led
7.______ these pictures,I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I
was in Being and ______ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more beautiful.
A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Seeing;seeing D.Seen;seen 8. With the cooking ______ ,I went on ______ some sewing.
A.done;to do B.being done;doing C.to be done;doing D.to have done;doing 9.______ is known to all, China will be an ______ and powerful country
in 20 or 30 years’ time.
A.That;advancing B.This;advanced C.As;advanced D.It;advancing 10.While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ______ into buying
something they don’t really need.
A.persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded 11.There was terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light. A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
12.The question _____ now at the meeting is not the question ____ yesterday.
A.discussed;discussed B.discussing;had discussed
C.being discussed;discussed D.discussing;discussing 13.It is no use ______ your past mistakes. A. regretting B. regret C. to regret D. regretted
14.Climbing mountains was ______ ,so we all felt ______ . A.tiring;tired B.tired;tiring C.tiring;tiring D.tired;tired
15.I saw some villagers ______ on the bench at the end of the room. A.seating B.seat C.seated D.seated themselves
16.It is one of the important problems ______ tomorrow. A.to solve B.to be solved C.solved D.solving
17“ Can you read ?”Mary said， ____to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
18.Did you see that boy _______by the police over there. A. questioned B. to be questioned C. being questioned D. questioning
Could you help me, please? 请问, 你能帮助我吗? （用could更委婉） can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。
With the teacher’s help, I shall be able to speak English correctly. 有老师
的帮助, 我将能准确地讲英语。（注：can和 be able to的区别） 2. may (might) “可以”，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。 May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。
might 是may 的过去式，使语气更加委婉、 客气或对可能性的怀疑。 Might I borrow some money now? 我可以借点钱吗? He might be alive. 他可能还活着。（可能性很小）
3. must “必须；一定；准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时，过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。 Must I return the book tomorrow?—— … 我必须明天还书吗?
After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路, 你一定累了。（肯定猜测） 情态动词总结
4. need “需要”，多用在否定式或疑问句中.
You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。 情态动词的定义
need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还情态动词表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，不能单独作谓语。后
可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单接动词原形：eg：We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去
复数，后面加带 to 的动词等特性。 那儿。
I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？
I need to do it right now. 我现在就要做这件事。 You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。
5. dare “敢”，多用在否定或疑问句中。 情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列：can (could), may (might),
The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。 must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗? 情态动词的用法
dare 除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用，构成“dare to do..” 1. can (could) 表示说话人能, 可以, 同意, 准许, 以及客观条件许可,
Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢黑夜走路吗？ could 为 can 的过去式。
He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老 Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗 ?
师那天发生的事。
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6. ought “应当；应该”，后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。相当于“should” Sorry I am late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the
sleep again.
motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。 You ought to bring the child here. 你应该把孩子带来。 ④ needn’t have done “本没有必要做…但是做了” 7. will (would) 表决心、愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, 可用于各人称。 You needn’t have taken this problem seriously. I'll do my best to catch up with them. 我要尽全力赶上他们。
Today is Sunday, so you needn’t have come to school. I'll never do it again. 我再不会做那件事情了.
⑤could have done 本可以做…、couldn’t have done 不可能..（对过去的 He said he would help me. 他说他会帮助我。
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 否定猜测） will 更婉转,客气。
---I went to New York and stayed in a hotel last week
It's hot. Will you open the windows? 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗?
---Oh, really? Why not let me know earlier, you could have stayed with my Would you like some coffee？ 给你来点咖啡怎样？
8. shall,( should） ：①shall用于第二三人称时表示承诺,命令, 警告, 威sister. 胁。
⑥ would have done 用于虚拟语气
You shall get a new mobile phone if you’re admitted to a key university.(承If I had had enough money, I would have bought that car. 诺)
1. Jenny______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
②Shall 还用于法令条文规则规章等文件中表示义务或规定,
A. must B. should C. need D. would
eg：Intruders shall be punished非法闯入者将遭处罚。
2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her.
高考热点：情态动词+have done…表示对过去发生动词的责备；猜测；A. had to write it out B. must have written it out 抱怨等…
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
① should have done “本应该做..”/ shouldn’t have done “本不应该做..” 3. —Shall I tell John about it? It’s too late. You should have arrived here before 8 o’clock. — No, you ______ . I've told him already.
Tom, you shouldn’t have fought with your brother.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
② must have done “肯定已经做了…” 4 . ─There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as Eg: She looks very happy. She must have past the examination. well. ─ It______ a comfortable journey.
B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have ③ might have done “可能已经做了…” A. can't be
been I can’t find my coat now. Somebody might have taken it by mistake.
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5. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______ be here at any moment. A. should have arrived B. should arrive A. must B. need C. should D. can C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 6. When he was there, he______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after 16. You ______ be tired - you've only been working for an hour.
A. must not B. won' t C. can' t D. may not work every day. A. would B. should C. had better
D. might
7. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 8. .--I stayed at a hotel while in New York. --Oh, did you? You_ ____with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
9. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ___
your lecture. A. couldn't have attended B. needn't have attended C. mustn't have attended D. shouldn't have attended 10. --- Are you coming to Jeff's party? --- I'm not sure. I ________go to the concert instead. A．must B．would C．should D．might 11. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? A．can B．should C．may D．must
12 .He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he
________ a goal. A．had scored B．scored C．would score D．would have scored
13. It has been announced that candidates_____ remain in their seats until all
the papers have been collected. A can B will C may D shall 14. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _____ report it to
the police?A. should B. may C. will D. can 15. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t turn up.
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