I. Objectives in Studying the Medical Language
There are three objectives to keep in mind as you study medical terminology:
1. Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Your goal is to learn the tools of word
analysis that will make understanding complex terminology easier. Do not simply memorize terms; think about dividing terms into component parts. This text will show you how to separate both complicated and simple terms into understandable word elements. Medical terms are very much like individual jigsaw puzzles. They are constructed of small pieces that make each word unique, but the pieces can be used in different combinations in order words as well. As you become familiar with word parts and learn what each means, you will be able to recognize those word parts in totally new combinations in other terms.
2. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Memorization of
terms, although essential to retention of the language, should not become the primary objective of your study. A major focus of this text is to explain terms in the context of how the body works in healthy and disease. Medical terms explained in their proper context will also be easier to remember. Thus, the term hepatitis, meaning inflammation (-itis) of the liver (hepat), is better understood when you know where the liver is and how it functions. No previous knowledge of biology, anatomy, or physiology is needed for this study. Explanations in the text are straightforward and basic.
3. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Some medical terms are pronounced alike but are spelled differently, which accounts for their different meanings. For example, ilium and ileum have identical pronunciations, but the first term, ilium means a part of the pelvis (hip bone), whereas the second term, ileum, means a part of the small intestine. Even when terms are spelled correctly, they can be misunderstood because of incorrect pronunciation. For example, the urethra [jʊə'ri:θrə] is the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body, whereas a ureter ['juəri:tə] is one of two tubes each leading from a single kidney and inserting into the urinary bladder. Figure 1-1 illustrates the difference between the urethra and the ureters.
II. Word Analysis
Studying medical terminology is very similar to learning a new language. At first, the words sound strange and complicated, although they may stand for commonly known English terms. For example, the term otalgia means ―ear ache,‖ and an ophthalmologist is an ―eye doctor.‖
Your first job in learning the language is to understand how to divide words into their component parts. Logically, most terms, whether complex or simple, can be broken down into basic parts and then understood. For example, consider the following term:
HEMATOLOGY HEMAT/O/LOGY
Root suffix
combining vowel
The root is the foundation of the word. All medical terms have one or more roots. For example, the root hemat means blood.
The suffix is the word ending. All medical terms have a suffix. The suffix-logy means study of. The combining vowel (usually o) links the root to the suffix or the root to another root. A combining vowel has no meaning of its own; it only joins one word part to another.
It is useful to read the meaning of medical terms starting from the suffix and moving back to the beginning of the term. Thus, the term hematology means study of blood. Here is another familiar medical term:
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
root root suffix
combining vowel
The root electr means electricity. The root cardi means heart. The suffix-gram means rocord.
The entire word means record of the electricity in the heart.
Notice that there are two combining vowels in this term. They link the two roots (electr and cardi) as well as the root (cardi) and suffix (-gram).
Try another term:
GASTRITIS CASTR/IT IS
root suffix
The root gastr means stomach.
The suffix –it is means inflammation.
The entire word, reading from the end of the term (suffix) to the beginning, means inflammation of the stomach.
Note that the combining vowel,o,is missing in this term. This is because the suffix, -it is, begins with a vowel. The combining vowel is dropped before a suffix that begins with a vowel. It is retained, however, between two roots, even if the second root begins with a vowel. Consider the following term:
GASTROENTEROLOGY GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
root root suffix
combining vowel
The root gastr means stomach. The root enter means intestines. The suffix –logy means study of.
The entire term means study of the stomach and intestines.
Notice that the combining vowel is used between gastr and enter, even though the second root, enter, begins with a vowel. When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, anatomical position often determines which root goes before the other. For example, the stomach reveives food first, before the small intestine, thus gastroenteritis, not enterogastritis. In summary, remember three general rules:
1. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and
across.
2. Drop the combining bowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not
gastroitis
3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology.
In addition to the root, suffix, and combining vowel, two other word parts are commonly found in medical terms. These are the combining form and prefix. The combining form is simply the root plus the combining vowel. For example, you are already familiar with following combining forms and their meaning:
HEMAT/O means blood
root+combining vowel=COMBINING FORM
GASTR/O means stomach
root+combining vowel=COMBINING FORM CARDI/O means heartion.
root+combining vowel=COMBINING FORM
Combining forms are used with many different suffixs. Remembering the exact meaning of a combining form will help you understand different medical terms.
The prefix is a small part that is attached to the beginning of a term. Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but the prefix can have an important influence on meaning. Consider the following examples:
SUB/GASTR/IC means pertaining to under the stomach
Prefix root suffix
(under) (stomach) (pertaining to)
EPI/GASTR/IC means pertaining to above the stomach
Prefix root suffix
(above) (stomach) (pertaining to)
In summary, the important elements of medical terms are the following: Root + combining vowel = combining form. Suffix, prefix. Root: foundation of the term. Suffix: word ending. Prefix: word beginning
Combining wovel: vowel (ususally o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root. Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel.
III. Combining Forms, Suffix, and Prefixes
In previous examples you are been introduced to the combining forms gastr/o (stomach), hemat/o (blood), and cardi/o (heart). The following list contains new combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes with examples of medical words using those word parts. Your job is to write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided. As you do this, you may wish to divide the term its component parts by using slashes (e.g.,aden/oma).
If you have a question about the correct pronunciation of a term, consult the Pronunciation of Terms section at the end of each chapter. In addition, the CD-ROM that accompanies this text contains the pronunciations of most terms on the Pronuncition of Terms lists. Although most medical terms can be divided into component parts and understood, others defy simple explanation. This text provides additional information when those terms are introduced, but you may wish to consult a medical dictionary as well.
To test your understanding of word parts and terminology in this chapter, complete the exercises on pages 14 to 22 and check your answers on page 23 to 25. Then, as a final review, give the meanings for the combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes on the Review Sheet, pages 29 and 30. Write the manings of the medical terms that follow in the spaces provided. The notes in italics below the terms will help you define them. Simple definitions are best. The first one has been filled in as an example.
Combining Forms Combining form meaning terminology meaning aden/o gland adenoma tumor of a gland The suffix –oma tumor or mass
arthr/o
bi/o
carcin/o
cardi/o
cephal/o
cerebr/o
cis/o
joint life cancerous, cancer heart head cerebrum to cut adenitis ____________________ The suffix –itis means inflammation arthritis_____________________ biology____________________ biopsy______________________
The suffix –opsy means process of viewing.
Living tissue is removed from the body and viewed under a microscope.
carcinoma ______________________
A carinoma is a cancerous tumor. Carcinomas
growfrom epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs, cavities, and tubes within the body
cardiology__________________________ cephlic _________________________
Tue suffix –ic means pertaining to. If an infant is
born with its head delivered first, it is a cephalic presentation
cerebral _________________________
The suffix –al means pertaining to. A
cerebrovascular accident occurs when damage to blood vessels in the cerebrum causes injury to nerve cells of the brain. This condition is also called a stroke
incision_____________________________
The prefix in- means into and the suffix –ion
means process
excision ________________________ The prefix ex- means out
crin/o secrete endocrine glands____________________ The prefix endo- means within; endocrine
glands secrete hormones directly within the bloodstream. Other glands, called exocrine glands, secrete chemicals through tubes to the outside of the body.
cyst/o urinary bladdr; a sac or a cyst cystoscopy _______________________ The suffix –scopy means process of visual
cyt/o
derm/o dermat/o
electr/o
encephal/o
enter/o
erythr/o
gastr/o
gnos/o
cell skin electricity brain intestines red stomach knowledge examination
cytology_________________________ dermatitis ____________________ hypodermic _____________________ The prefix hypo- means under, below electrocardiogram __________________ The suffix –gram means record.
Abbreviations are ECG or EKG
electroencephalogram ________________ Also called an EEG enteritis ________________________ The small intestine is narrower but much
longer that the large intestine
erythrocyte __________________________ The suffix –cyte means cell. Erythrocy tes
carry oxygen in the blood
gastrectomy__________________________
The suffix –ectomy means excision or removal
gastrotomy _________________________ The suffix –tomy means incision or cutting
into
diagnosis _______________________
The prefix dia- means complete. The suffix
–sis means state of. A diagnosis is made after sufficient information has been obtained about the patient’s condition. Literally, it is a ―state of complete knowledge.‖
prognosis ____________________
The prefix pro- means before. Literally,
―knowledge before,‖ a prognosis is a prediction about the outcome of an illness, but it is always given after the diagnosis has been determined
gynec/o woman, female gynecology _______________________
hemat/o blood hematology ______________________ hem/o
hematoma _______________________
hepat/o
iatr/o
leuk/o
nephr/o
neur/o
onc/o
ophthalm/o
oste/o
liver treatment white kidney
nerve tumor eye bone In this term, -oma means a mass or
collection of blood, rather that a growth of cells. A hematoma occurs when blood escapes from blood vessels and collects as a clot in a cavity, organ, or under the skin.
hemoglobin _________________________ The suffix –globin means protein. Hemoglobin
helps carry oxygen in red blood cells
hepatitis _________________________ iatrogenic _______________________
The suffix –genic means pretaining to
producing, producing, produced by, or produced in. Iatrogenic conditions are adverse side effects that result from treatment or intervention by a physician
leukocyte _______________________ This blood cells helps the body fight disease nephritis ______________________ nephrology ______________________ neurology __________________________ oncology __________________________ oncologist _________________________ The suffix –ist means one who specializes in
a field of medicine
ophthalmoscope ____________________ The suffix –scope means an instrument for
visual examination
osteritis ___________________________ osteoarthritis ____________________
This condition is actually a degeneration of
bones and joints that occurs with aging. It is often accompanied by inflammation.
path/o disease pathology______________________
pathologist ________________________ A pathologist examine biopsy samples
microscopically and examines a dead body to determine the cause of death
ped/o child pediatric _________________________
Originally, orthopedists were doctors who
straightened children’s bones and corrected deformities. Nowadays, orthopedists specialize in disorders of bones and muscles
psych/o
radi/o ren/o
rhin/o
sarc/o
sect/o
thromb/o
ur/o
mind x-rays kidney nose flesh to cut clot, clotting urinary tract, urine of people of all ages
psychology _________________________
psychiatrist _________________________ radiology ___________________________ renal _____________________________ Ren/o and nephr/o both mean kidney. Ren/o
is used with –al to discribe the kidney, whereas nephr.o is used with other suffixes such as –osis, itis, and –ectomy to describe abnormal conditions and operqtive procedures.
rhinitis _____________________________ sarcoma ___________________________ This is a cancerous tumor. A sarcoma
grows from cells of ―fleshy‖ connective tissue such as muscle, bone, and fat, whereas a carcinoma grows from epithelial eclls that line the outside of the body or the inside of organs in the body.
resection ___________________________ The prefix re- means back. A resection is a
cutting back in the sense of cutting out or removal. A gastric resection is a gastrectomy, or excision of the stomach
thrombocyte ________________________ Also known as platelets, these cells help
clot blood. A thrombus in the actual clot that forms, and thrombosis is the condition of clot formation.
urology ___________________________ A urologist is a surgeon who operates on
the organs of the urinary tract and the organs of the male reproductive system.
Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Terminology Meaning
-ac pertaining to cardiac ____________________________
-al pertaining to neural ____________________________
-algia pain arthralgia ________________________
neuralgia ________________________
-cyte cell erythrocyte _____________________
-ectomy
-emia
-genic
-gram
-ic, -ical
-ion
-ist
-itis
-logy
-oma
excision, removal blood condition pertaining to, producing produced by, produced in record pertaining to process specialist inflammation study of tumor, mass, swelling nephrectomy ______________________ leukemia __________________________ Literally, this term means ― a blood condition
of white .‖ Actually, it is a condition of blood in which cancerous white blood cells proliferate.
carcinogenic _______________________ Cigarette smoke is carcinogenic pathogenic ______________________ A virus or a bacterium is a pathogenic
organism
iatrogenic __________________________ An this term, -genic means produced by electroencephalogram_________________ gastric ___________________________ neurological ______________________ excision __________________________ gynecologist _______________________ cystitis __________________________ endocrinology ____________________ hepatoma _________________________ A hepatoma is a malignant tumor of the
liver
-opsy viewing with a microscope biopsy ___________________________
-osis condition, usuallt abnormal nephrosis _________________________
leukocytosis _______________________ This condition, a slight increase in normal
whire blood cells, occurs as white blood cells multiply to fight an infecction
-pathy disease condition enteropathy ____________________
adenopathy _____________________
-scope
-sis
-tomy
-y
Prefixes
Prefix
a-, an-
auto-
dia-
instrument to visually examine state of process of cutting, incision process, condition Meaning no, not, without self theough, complete endoscope_________________________ prognosis _______________________ osteotomy _______________________ gastroenterology ___________________ Terminology Meaning anemia_________________________ Anemia is a decreased number of
erythrocytes or an abnormality of the hemoglobin with the red blood cells. This results in decreased delivery of oxygen to cells of the body. Originally, anemic patients looked so pale that they were thought to be ―without blood‖.
autopsy _________________________ This term literally means ―to view by
one’s self.‖ Hence, an autopsy is the examination of a dead body with one’s own eyes to determine the cause of death and nature of disease
diagnosis_________________________ endo- within endocrinologist _______________________
epi- above, upon epigastric __________________________
epidermis ___________________________ This outermost layer of skin lies above the
middle layer of skin, known as the dermis
ex- out excision ______________________________
exo- out exocrine glands ________________________
hyper- excessive, above, more than normal hyperglycemia _______________________ The term glyc/o means sugar
hypo- dificient, below, under, less than normal hypogastric ________________________ When hypo- is used with a part of the body,
it means below
hypoglycemia ______________________ In this term, hypo- means deficient
in- into, in incision ___________________________
peri- surrounding, around pericardium ________________________ The suffix –um means a structure.
The pericardium is the membrane that surrounds the heart
pro- before, forward prognosis ________________________
re- back, backward, again resection _______________________
This is an operation in which an organ is
―cut back‖ or removed
retro- behind retrocardiac ________________________
sub- below, under subhepatic _______________________
trans- across, through transhepatic ____________________
IV. practical Applications
This is an opportunity for you to use your skill in understanding medical terms and to increase your knowledge of new terms. Be sure to check your answers with the Answers to Practical Applications on page 24. Your should find helpful explanations there.
Specialists
Match the abnormal condition in Column I with the physician (specialist) who treats it in Column II
Culumn I 1. heart attack 2. ovarian cysts --ovum, spermatovum 3. bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder 4. breast adenocarcinoma 5. iron-deficiency anemia 6. retinopathy 7. cerebrovascular accident 8. renal failure 9. inflammatory bowel disease 10. cystitis
culumn II A. gastroenterologist B. hematologist C. nephrologist D. cardiologist E. oncologist F.gynecologist G. urologist H. Ophthalmologist I. neurologist J. psychiatrist
V. Exercises
The exercises that follow are designed to help youulearn the terms presented in the chapter. Writing terms over and over again is a good way to remember this new language. You will find answers to each exercise in Section VI. This makes it easy to check your work. As you check each answer, you will not only reinforce your understanding of a term, but often gain additional information from the answer. Each exercise is designed not as a test, but rather as an opportunity for you to learn the material
A. complete the following sentences
1. word beginnings are called _________
2. would endings are called ___________
3. the foundation of a word is known as the ____________
4. a letter linkings a sufix and a root, or linking two roots, in a term is the _________
5. the combination of a root and a combining vowel is known as the _________
B. Give the meanings of the following combining forms:
1. cardi/o 2. aden/o 3. bi/o 4. cerebr/o 5. cephal/o 6. arthr/o 7. carcin/o 8. cyst/o 9. cyt/o 10. derm/o 11. encephal/o 12. electr/o
C. give the meanings of the following suffixes
1. –oma
2. – all
3. – it is
4. – logy
5. – scopy
6. – ic
7. – gram
8. – opsy
D. Using slashes, divide the follwing terms into parts and give the meaning of the entire term. 1. cerebral
2. biopsy
3. adenitis
4. cephalic
5. carcinoma
6. cystoscopy
7. electrocardiogram
8. cardiology
9. electroencephalogram
10. dermatitis
11. arthroscopy
12. cytology
E. give the meanings of the following combining forms. 1. erythr/o
2. enter/o
3. gastr/o
4. gnos/o
5. hemat/o
6. cis/o
7. nephr/o
8. leuk/o
9. iatr/o
10. hepat/o
11. neur/o
12. gynec/o
F. Complete the medical term based on its meaning, as provided. 1. white blood cell: ____________________________ cyte
2. inflammation of the stomach: gastr __________________
3. pertaining to being produced by treatment: ______________ genic
4. study of kineys: ____________________ logy
5. red blood cell: _________________ cyte
6. mass of blood: _____________ oma
7. view of living tissue: bi ___________
8. pain of nerves: neur _______________
9. process of viewing the eye: _______________________ scopy
10. inflammation of the small intestine: _______________ it is
G. Match the English term in column I with its combining form in column II.
Column I -- English term column II – cobining form 1. kidney onc/o
2. disease ophthalm/o
3. eye oste/o
4. to cut path/o
5. nose psych/o
6. flesh radi/o
7. mind ren/o
8. urinary tract rhin/o
9. bone sarc/o
10. x-ray sect/o
11. cloting thromb/o
12. tumor ur/o
H. underline the suffix in each term and give the meaning of the entire term. 1. ophthalmoscopy
2. ophthalmoscope
3. oncology
4. osteitis
5. psychosis
6. thrombocyte
7. renal
8. nephrectomy
9. osteotomy
10. resection
11. carcinogenic
12. sarcoma
I. match the suffix in column I with its meaning in column II. Write the meaning in the space provided.
Colum I --- suffix cloumn II ---meaning
1. –algia abnormal condition
2. –ion blood condition
3. – emia cell
4. –gram disease condition
5. –scope incision, process of cutting into
6. –osis inflammation
7. –ectomy instrument to visually examine
8. –genic pain
9. –pathy pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in
10. –tomy process
11. –itis record
12. –cyte removal, excision, resection
J. select from the following terms to complete the sentences below. Arthralgia carcinogenic cystitis endocrine enteropathy exocrine hematoma hepatoma iatrogenic leukemia leukocytosis neuralgia
1. When Paul smoked cegarettes, he inhaled a _____________ substance with each pugg.
2. sally’s sore throat, fever, and chills made her doctor order a white blood cell count. Results,
indicating infection, showed a slight increase in normal cells, a condition called ____________
3. Mr. Smith’s liver enlarged, giving him abdominal pain and fullness in his RUQ. His
radiological tests and biopsy revealed a malignant tumor or _____________
4. Mrs. Rosse complained of pain in her hip joints, knees, and shoulders each morning. She was
told that she had painful joints or ________________
5. Dr. Black was trained to treat disorders of the pancreas, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and
pituitary gland. Thus, he was an expert in the ______________________ glands.
6. Ms. Walsh told her doctor she had pain when urinating, after tests, the doctor’s diagnosis was
inflammation of the urinary bladder, or
7. Elizabeth’s overhead tennis shot hit David in the thigh and produced a large ____________.
His skin looked bruised and was tender.
8. Mr. Bell’s white blood cell count is 10 times higher than normal. Examinationof his blood
shows cancerous white blood cells. His diagnosis is __________________
9. Mr. Kay was resuscitated (revised from potential or apparent death) in the emergency room
after experiencing a heart attack. Unfortunately, he suffered a broken rib as a result of the physician’s chest compressions. This is an example of a (an) ___________________ fracture. 10. after coming back from a trip during which he had eaten strange foods, Mr. Cameron had
disease of his intestines called ___________________
K. give the meaning of the following prefixes. 1. dia-
2. pro-
3. auto-
4. a-, an-
5. hyper-
6. hypo-
7. epi-
8. endo-
9. retro-
10. trans-
11. peri-
12. ex-
13. ex-
14. re-
L. underline the prefix in the following terms and give the meaning of the entire term. 1. diagnosis
2. prognosis
3. subhepatic
4. pericardium
5. hyperglycemia
6. hypodermic
7. epigastric
8. resection
9. hypoglycemia
10. anemia
M. complete the following terms (describing areas of medicine) based on their meanings as given below.
1. study of urinary tract: __________________________ logy
2. study of women and women’s diseases: ________________ logy
3. study of bood: _____________________ logy
4. study of tumors: __________________ logy
5. study of kidneys:__________________ logy
6. study of nerves: _________________ logy
7. treatment of children __________________ iatrics
8. study of x-rays: _____________________ logy
9. study of the eyes: ________________ logy
10. study of the stomach and intestines: _________________ logy
11. study of glands that secrete hormanes: ________________ logy
12. treatment of the mind: ______________________ iatry
13. study of disease: _________________________ logy
14. study of the heart _______________________ logy
N. give the meaning of the underlined word part and then define the term.
1. cerebraovascular accident
2. encephalitis
3. cystoscope
4. transhepatic
5. iatrogenic
6. hypogactric
7. endocrine glands
8. nephrectomy
9. exocrine glands
10. neuralgia
O. select from the following terms to complete the sentences below.
Anemia oncogenic psychiatrist biopsy oncologist psychologist diagnosis osteoarthritis thrombocyte nephrologist pathogenic thrombosis nephrologist prognosis urologist neuropathy
1. seventy-two-year-old Ms. Crick suffers from a degenerative joint disease that is caused by
wearing away of tissue around her joints. This condition, which literally menas ―inflammation of bones and joinsts,‖ is _______________________________.
2. the ________________ sample was removed during surgery and sent to a pathologist to be
examined under a microscope for a proper diagnosis.
3. a (an) ________________ performed surgery to remove Mr. Simon’s cancerous kidney.
4. Ms. Rose has suffered from hyperglycemia (diabetes) for many years. This condition can lead
to long-term complications, sus as the disease of nerves called diabetic _______________ 5. A virus or a bacterium produces diseasd and is therefore a (an) _______________ organism. 6. Jordan has a disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin in his erythrocytes. The erythrocytes
change shape, collapsing to form sickle-shaped cells that can become clots and stop the flow of blood. His condition is cickle-cell ______________________________.
7. Dr. Shelby is a physician who treats carcinomas and sarcomas. He is a (an)
_________________.
8. Bill had difficulty stopping the bleeding from a cut on his face while shaving. He knew his
medication cased him to have decreased platelets or a low ________________ count and that was probably the reason his blood was not clotting very well.
9. Dr. Susan Parker told Paul that his condition would improve with treatment in a few weeks.
She said his ___________________________ is excellent and he can expect total recovery. 10. After fleeing the World Trade Center on September 11,2001, Mrs. Jones had many problems
with her job, her boyfriend, and her family relationships. She called a _______________ who prescribed drugs to treat her depression.
P. Circle the correct term to complete each sentence.
1. Ms. Brody had a couph and fever. Her doctor instructed her to go to the (pathology, radiology, hematology) department for a chest x-ray.
2. After delivery of her third child. Ms. Thompson had problems holding her urine (a condition known as urinary incontinence). She made an appointment with a (gastroenterologist, pathologist, urologist) to evaluate her condition.
3. Dr. Monroe told a new mother she had lost much blood during delivery of her child. She had (anemia, leukocytosis, adenitis) and needed a blood transfusion immediately.
4. Mr. Preston was having chest pain during his morning walks. He made an appointment to discuss his new symptom with a (nephrologist, neurologist, cardiologist)
5. After the skiing accident. Dr. Curtin suggested (cystoscopy, biopsy, arthroscopy) to visually examine my swollen, painful knee.
VI. Answers to Exercise
A.
1. prefixes 2. suffixes 3. root 4. combining vowel 5. combining form B.
1. heart 2. gland 3. life 4. cerebrum, largest part of the brain 5. head 6. joint 7. cancer, cancerous 8. urinarv bladder 9. cell
10. skin 11. brain 12. electricity C.
1. tumor, mass, swelling 2. pertaining to 3. inflammation 4. process of study 5. process of visual examination 6. pertaining to 7. record 8. process of viewing D.
1. cerebr/al—pertaining to the cerebrum or largest part of the brain
2. bi/opsy—process of viewing life (removal of living tissue and viewing it under the microscope) 3. aden/itis—inflammation of a gland 4. cephal/ic—pertaining to the head
5. carcin/oma—tumor that is cancerous (cancerous tumor)
6. cyst/o/scopy—process of visually examining the urinary bladder 7. electr/o/cardi/o/gram—record of the electricity in the heart 8. cardi/o/logy—process of study of the heart
9. electr/o/encephal/o/gram—record of the electricity in the brain 10. dermat/itis—inflammation of the skin
11. arthr/o/scopy—process of visual examination of a joint 12. cyt/o/logy—process of study of cells E.
1. red 2. intestines 3. stomach 4. knowledge 5. blood 6. to cut 7. kidney 8. white 9. treatment 10. liver 11. nerve 12. woman, female
F
1. leukocyte 5. erythrocyte 9. ophthalmoscopy 2. gastritis 6. hematoma 10. enteritis 3. iatrogenic 7. biopsy 4. nephrology 8. neuralgia G.
1. ren/o 2. path/o 3. ophthalm/o 4. sect/o 5. rhin/o 6. sarc/o 7. psych/o 8. ur/o 9. oste/o 10. radi/o 11. thromb/o 12. onc/o
H
1. ophthalmoscopy—process of visual examination of the eye 2. ophthalmoscope—instrument to visually examine the eye 3. oncology—study of tumors 4. osteitis—inflammation of bone
5. psychosis—abnormal condition of the mind
6. thrombocyte—clotting cell (platelet) 7. renal—pertaining to the kidney
8. nephrectomy—removal (excision) of the kidney 9. osteotomy—incision of (to cut into) a bone
10. resection—process of cutting back (in the sense of \"out\" or removal) 11. carcinogenic—pertaining to producing cancer
12. sarcoma—tumor of flesh (cancerous tumor of flesh tissue, such as bone, fat, and muscle) I
1. pain 2. process
3. blood condition 4. record
5. instrument to visually examine 6. abnormal condition
7. removal, excision, resection
8. pertaining to producing, produced by or produced in 9. disease condition
10. incision, process of cutting into 11. inflammation 12. cell J.
1. carcinogenic 5. endocrine 9. iatrogenic 2. leukocytosis 6. cystitis 10. enteropathy 3. hepatoma 7. hematoma 4. arthralgia 8. leukemia
1. complete, through 6. deficient, below, less than normal 11. surrounding 2. before 7. above, upon 12. out 3. self 8. within 13. below, under 4. no, not, without 9. behind 14. back 5. excessive, above, more than normal 10. across, through L.
1. diagnosis—complete knowledge; a decision about the nature of the patient's condition after the appropriate tests are done 2. prognosis—before knowledge; a prediction about the outcome of treatment, and given after the diagnosis 3. subhepatic—pertaining to below the :ver, A combining vowel is not needed ~etween the prefix and the root. 4. pericardium—the membrane surrounding the heart
5. hyperglycemia—condition of excessive sugar in the blood 6. hypodermic—pertaining to under the skin 7. epigastric—pertaining to above the stomach
8. resection—process of cutting back (in the sense of cutting out) 9. hypoglycemia—condition of deficient(low) sugar in the blood
10. anemia—blood condition of low numbers of erythrocytes or deficient hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Notice that the root in this term is em, which is shortened from hem, meaning blood M.
1. urology 2. gynecology 3. hematology 4. oncology 5. nephrology
K
6. neyrology 7. pediatrics 8. radiology 9. ophthalmology 10. gastroenterlogy 11. endocrinology 12. psychiatry 13. pathology 14. cardiology
N
1. cerebrum (largest part of the brain). A cerebrovascular accident is damage to the blood vessels of the cerebrum leading to death of brain cells; also called a stroke. 2. brain. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. 3. urinary bladder. A cystoscope is an instrument used to visually examine the urinary bladder. The cystoscope is placed through the urethra into the bladder. 4. across, through. Transhepatic means pertaining to across or through the liver. 5. treatment. Iatrogenic means pertaining to an adverse side effect produced by treatment. 6. under, below, deficient. Hypogastric means pertaining to below the stomach. 7. within. Endocrine glands secrete hormones within the body. Examples of these are the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. 8. excision. Nephrectomy is the removal of a kidney.
9. outside. Exocrine glands secrete chemicals to the outside of the body (sweat, tear, salivary glands). 10. pain. Neuralgia is nerve pain. 0. 1. osteoarthritis 4. neuropathy 2. biopsy 5. pathogenic 3. urologist 6. anemia 7. oncologist 8. thrombocyte 9. prognosis 10. psychiatrist P.
1. radiology 2. urologist 3. anemia 4. cardiologist 5. arthroscopy
Answers to Practical Applications
1. D A cardiologist is an internal medicine specialist who takes additional (fellowship) training in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease.
2. F A gynecologist trains in both surgery and internal medicine in order to diagnose and treat disorders of the female reproductive system. Ovarian cysts are sacs of fluid that form on and in the ovaries (female organs that produce eggs and hormones).
3. J A psychiatrist is a specialist in diagnosing and treating mental illness. In bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness), the mood switches periodically from excessive mania (excitability) to deep depression (sadness, despair, and discouragement).
4. E An oncologist is an internal medicine specialist who takes fellowship training in the diagnosis and medical (drug) treatment of cancer.
5. B A hematologist is an internal medicine specialist who takes fellowship training in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders such as anemia and clotting diseases.
6. H An ophthalmologist trains in both surgery and internal medicine to diagnose and treat disorders of the eye. The retina is a sensitive layer of light- receptor cells in the back of the eye. Retinopathy can occur as a secondary complication of chronic diabetes (hyperglycemia).
7. I A neurologist is an internal medicine specialist who takes fellowship training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, and nerves). A CVA causes damage to areas of the brain and results in loss of function.
8. C A nephrologist is an internal medicine specialist who takes fellowship training in the diagnosis and medical treatment of kidney disease. A nephrologist does not perform surgery on the urinary tract, but treats kidney disease with drugs. 9. A A gastroenterologist is an internal medicine specialist who takes fellowship training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis (inflammation of the large intestine) and Crohn's disease (inflammation of the last part of the small intestine).
10. G A urologist is a surgical specialist who treats and operates on organs of the urinary tract (such as the urinary bladder) and the male reproductive system.
VII. Pronunciation of Terms
To test your understanding of the terminology in this chapter, write the meaning of each term in the space provided. In addition, your may wish to covert the terms and write them by looking at your definitions. Make sure your spelling is correct. The page number after each term indicates where it is defined or used in the text so you can easily check your responses
Term pronunciation meaning adenitis(6)
adenoma (6)
adenopathy(11)
anemia(11)
arthralgia(10)
arthritis(6)
autopsy(11)
biology(6)
carcinogenic(10)
carcinoma(6)
cardiac(10)
cardiology(6)
cephalic(6)
cerebral(6)
cystitis(10)
cystoscopy(7)
cytology(7)
dermatitis(7)
dermatology(7)
diagnosis(7)
electrocardiogram(7)
endocrine glands(7)
endocrinologist(12)
endocrinology(10)
endoscope(11)
endoscopy(11)
enteritis(7)
enteropathy(11)
epidermis(12)
epigastric(12)
erythrocyte(7)
excision(7)
exocrine glands(12)
gastrectomy(7)
gastric(10)
gastroenterology(11)
gastrotomy(7)
gynecologist(10)
gynecology(8)
hematology(8)
hematoma(8)
hemoglobin(8)
hepatitis(8)
hepatoma(10)
hyperglycemia(12)
hypodermic(7)
hypogastric(12)
hypoglycemia(12)
iatrogenic(8)
incision(6)
leukmia(10)
leukocyte(8)
leukocytosis(11)
nephrectomy(10)
nephritis(8)
nephrology(8)
nephrosis(11)
neural(10)
neuralgia(10)
neurological(10)
neurology(8)
oncologist(8)
oncology(8)
ophthalmologist(24)
ophthalmoscope(8)
osteitis(8)
osteoarthritis(9)
osteotomy(11)
pathogenic(10)
pathologist(9)
pathology(9)
pediatric(9)
pericardium(12)
prognosis(8)
psychiatrist(9)
psychiatry(9)
psychology(9)
radiology(9)
renal(9)
resection(9)
retrocardiac(12)
rhinitis(9)
sarcoma(9)
subhepatic(12)
thrombocyte(9)
transhepatic(12)
urology(9)
VIII. Review Sheet
This review sheet and the others that follow each chapter are complete lists of the word elements contained in that chapter. The review sheets are designed t pull together the terminology and to reinforce your learning by giving you the opportunity to write the meanings of each word part in the spaces provided and to test yourself. Check your answers with the information in the chapter or in the Glossary at the end of the book.
COMBINING FORMS
aden/o arthr/o bi/o carcin/o cardi/o cephal/o cerebr/o cis/o crin/o cyst/o cyt/o
derm/o, dermat/o electr/o encephal/o enter/o erythr/o gastr/o glyc/o gnos/o gynec/o
hem/o, hemat/o hepat/o iatr/o leuk/o log/o nephr/o neur/o onc/o
ophthalm/o oste/o path/o ped/o psych/o radi/o ren/o rhin/o sarc/o sect/o thromb/o ur/o
SUFFIXES -ac -al -algia -cyte -ectomy -emia -genic -globin -gram -ic, -ical -ion -ist -itis -logy -oma -opsy -osis -patjy -scope -scopy -sis -tomy -y
PREFIXES
a-, an- auto- dia- endo- epi- ex- exo- hyper- hypo- in- peri- pro- re- retro- sub- trans-
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