UNIT 1
Vocabulary
I.
1.
1) on balance
2) resist
3) haul
4) wicked
5) illustrated
6) budget
7) lowering
8) boundary
9) involved
10) economic
11) blasting
12) just about
2.
1)cut back/ down
2) pick up
3) get by
4) get through
5)face up to
6) turn in
7) making up for
8) think up
3.
1) pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy
2) often generate misleading thoughts
3) attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work
4) be suspected of doing everything for money
5) before he gets through life
4.
1) their indoor, a profit, to invest in
2) device, the improvement, on a global scale
3) stacked, temptation, never dined out
II Confusable Words
1. 1) house 2) Home 3) home, family 4) household
2. 1) doubt 2) suspect 3) doubted 4) suspected III. Word Formation
5) suspect
1) rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows, whys
6) upped 7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower 10) search
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1. Text-related
1) get by
2) temptation
3) get through
4) improvements
5) aside from
6) suspect
7) supplement
8) profit
9) stacking
2. (Theme-related)
1) replaced
2) consider
3) quit
4) world
5) tough
6) fuels
7) provide
8) luxuries
9) balance
10) ideal
II. Translation
1. We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.
2. My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point.
3. The toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children.
4. Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.
5. When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.
A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened/ set up a household device store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives.
But, to run a small business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut back on her daily expense. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premium for the various kinds of insurance she needed.
Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most
difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.
UNIT 2
Vocabulary
I.
1.
1) decades
2) historic
3) imposed
4) religious
5) slender
6) web
7) bade
8) site
9) on the side
10) authorized
11) terminal
12) make the best of
2.
1) went through
2) stood up for
3) laid down
4) take on
5) let (us) down
6) draw on
7) fall into
8) pass for
3.
1) The Europeans are fully confident that the Americans will not be able to justify their measures to protect the struggling American steel industry.
2) Clinton is, in the eyes of Joe Klein, staff writer of the New Yorker and author of The Natural, the most talented politician of his generation and the most compelling.
3) There's not much you can do if people are really intent on destroying themselves with drugs.
4) A different experience of the world could forge a completely different approach to life.
5) It is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run.
4.
1) As for, do not compel, capture of, have forged
2) At huge risk, the mission, shelter
3) who abolished, In the eyes of, racial
II. Words with Multiple Meanings
1. I'll tell you in a minute how I have attained the genuine sense of belonging in America, but first let me hear about your French trip.
2. Most McDonald's look almost the same on the outside, but actually there are about 16 different basic designs.
3. Loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to get through a financial crisis.
4. This second-hand car has been nothing but trouble; it's always breaking down.
5. In your resume you've mentioned everything but one vital point.
6. Our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to the problem.
7. I am sorry, but I think you shouldn't have lingered on over coffee and missed the last bus..
8. The bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance
III. Usage
1) lonely
2)friendly
3) weekly, monthly
4)lovely
5) cowardly 6)kindly/ saintly
7) lively
8)motherly
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1. Text-related
1)forged
2) stand up
3) compelled
4)convictions
5)mission
6)abolish
7) intent on
8) risk
9)in the eyes of
10)threats
2. (Theme-related)
1) assistance 2) involved 3) estimated 4)coincidence 5)emerged
6) referred 7) numerous 8) stationed 9)concern 10)capture
II. Translation
1. Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.
2. Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.
3. According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.
4. Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.
5. Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.
Shortly after he achieved freedom Henson became intent on assisting fugitive slaves. He secretly returned to the United States from Canada several times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully avoided capture. Later he built a small settlement in Dresden in Canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school. He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.
UNIT 3
Vocabulary
I.
1.1) threatens 2) by a small
margin 3)civilize 4)closed up 5)wandered 6) paste 7) without so much as 8) sideways
9) hook up to 10) universal 11) chart 12) Bathed in
2. 1)narrowed down 2)looked back on 3)cut off 4)fit into
5)wear(the other) down 6)lies in 7)put up 8)stand for
3. 1)...which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthma has been found by researchers at the Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford.
2)...with mirrored doors had to be built in so as to make their small bedroom look larger.
3)...feature the space shuttle Challenger blowing up in January 1986---killing all seven crew.
4)...threatened to keep the pupils in after school, they were quieted at once.
5)... are a major barrier to the country's economic growth due to the fact that/because imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange.
4. 1) looked back on/ atmosphere/urban life
2)era/ hooked up to the / the electronic
3) the suburb / a sophisticated / system / analyze / make errors
II. 1) away 2)inside/in 3)forward/through 4)back
5)off 6)home 7) back down 8)in...out
III. 1) Internet is not such an unusual word as it used to be
2) Most men do not look unattractive in them
3) Wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment
4) The claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city's violent crimes.
5)His poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life.
Comprehensive Exercises
1. Cloze
1. 1) Statistics 2)rural 3)era 4)stood for 5)on the latch
6)vulnerable 7)barrier 8)electronic 9)reflection 10)civilized
2. 1) together 2)liable 3)shift 4)electric 5)cautious
6)sophisticated 7)thieves 8)break 9)chances 10)signs
II. Translation
1.1) The Internet is changing the way people live, (no matter) whether they are in urban or rural areas.
2)Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones.
3) With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.
4)It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.
5) Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.
2. It is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes. Thus exposing him to police patrols. Common
sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. Make sure/Assure yourself that you don't leave the door on the latch if you happen to be the last to come in. If you decide to buy a sophisticated electronic alarm system, be sure to ask for its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. In addition you may have it hooked up to a police station.
UNIT 4
Vocabulary
I.
1.1) accordingly 2) loose 3) concentration 4)stimulating fabric 6)if anything 7) reality 8) intuition
9) trifle 10) at the turn of the century 11) mess
12) undermine
2. 1) approve of 2) slow down 3) taken in 4) sucked into
5) set apart 6) dozed off 7)call forth 8)stretch into
9) keep up with 10)believe in
5)
3. 1)...provided inspiration for many artists and musicians over the decades.
2)...is credited to his powers of imagination
3)...on the foundations of an agricultural revolution
4)...not to make any complaints in the presence of the nurse.
5)...the outbreak of the Second World War.
4. 1) flaw/came to the conclusion/would get nowhere
2) in a row/dozed off/a mess of
3) outbreak of/ has undermined / has strained
II. 1)With Christmas only a week away
2) With his physical condition improving day by day
3) With our GDP growing steadily
4) With all the shops closed
5) with her eyes closed
6) With the fog lifting during the night
III. 1) like/as 2) as 3) like 4) like/as
5) as/like 6) as 7)like 8) as
Comprehensive Exercises
1. Cloze
1. 1) caution 2) came to the conclusion that 3)never get anywhere
4)undermining 5) not give/care a fig 6) flaw
7) beyond any doubt 8)foundation 9)remarkable/impressive
10) imagination
2. 1) extent 2)inventions 3)bet 4)manages 5)vision
6)eventually 7)achievement 8)poverty 9) utilized 10)breakthrough
II. Translation
1.1) The volunteers sent/assigned by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.
2)Einstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.
3)Professor Wang received/won the Presidential Award for his excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.
4) As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic stimulus package.
5) Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up/meet the challenge by himself.
2. What was remarkable about 2005 was perhaps that the UN declared it \"The World Year of Physics\". It was the 100th anniversary of Einstein's theory of relativity and the 50th anniversary of his death. In 1905 Einstein published five highly important essays in the history of science, thus revolutionizing physics. His great achievements can be credited to his impressive powers of imagination, constant questioning, and not giving a fig for authority. It is beyond doubt that Einstein was the greatest scientist in the 20th century.
UNIT 5
Text A Writing Three Thank-You Letters
Text Organization
l.
Parte Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-9 On Thanksgiving Day 1943, as a young coastguardsman at sea, the writer came up with the idea of expressing his gratitude to people who had helped him before.
Part Two Paras 10-16 The writer wrote three thank-you letters to his father, the Rev. Nelson and his grandmother.
Part Three Paras 17-23 The writer got three letters in reply.
Part Four Paras 24-26 The writer wishes everyone to find the good and praise it.
Correspondents Letters Sent Letters Received
Father Thanks him for teaching the writer from boyhood to love books and reading. Tells the writer how he, as a teacher and a father as well, felt content with his own son.
The Rev. Nelson , Thanks him for his morning
school prayers. I
i Tells the writer about his retirement coupled with self-doubt, and the re?assurance brought to him by the writer's letter.
Grandmother Thanks her for teaching the writer how to tell the truth, to share and to be forgiving, and for her good cooking and her sprinkling the writer's life with Stardust. Expresses her loving gratefulness to her grandson.
Language sense enhancement
1. decades 2. undergoing
3. had done wrong 4. welcome reassurance
5. appreciated 6. brought back
7. relatives 8. accomplish
9. consume 10. representing
Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) sprinkled 2) in turn
3) reversed 4) repay
5) at sea 6) traditional
7) statement 8) longed for
9) in secret 10) unloaded
11) weep 12) under way
2. 1) stretch out 2) make out
3) hope for 4) turns (it) over
5) put away 6) brings back
7) got to 8) go about
3. 1) As supplies of traditional fuels diminish, people are working to increase the use of solar
energy.
2) We accord high priority to meeting the challenges of economic and environmental development in the region.
3) While it is true that children of today are exposed to more information than were children of the past, it does not follow that they automatically become more sophisticated.
4) Since she borrowed those books from the library she has been immersed in British history and culture.
5) Everything changed in a flash on June 1, 2000 when he lost both legs in a serious traffic accident.
4. 1) I'd like to express my sincere thanks to everyone who has been so considerate of my well-
being. My heart is filled with gratitude that words cannot express.
2) After everyone assembled on the playground amid the noise and excitement of the specta?tors, our coach again impressed on us the need to do our best in quest of excellence.
3) Everything I saw in my hometown was marvelous. I could hardly believe that it had undergone such swift changes through cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and the rest in the past few years.
II. Collocation
1, fond of 2. sick of
3. thoughtful of 4. confident of
5. conscious of 6. critical of
7. guilty of 8. ashamed of
-III. Usage
1. To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say.
2. It is cooperation, rather than conflict, that will enable you to achieve your success.
3. Ann made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.
4. I think I'll stay at home this evening rather than go / going out.
5. Most people are content to let perfect days happen at random rather than plan / planning for them.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1) at sea 2) Turning over
3) reverse 4) got to
5) repay 6) gratitude
7) assembled 8)immersed in
9) unloading 10) swift
(B)
1) instead 2) possessions
3) richer 4) breath
5) cherish 6) special
7) specific 8) shining
9) miracles 10) gift
II. Translation
1. 1) Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.
2) I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.
3) The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.
4) Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.
5) Peter has worked in a law firm for many years. You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.
2.
Amid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving, rather than joining his friends in celebration of the holiday, George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed two successive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George had spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf. George's father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. He also taught him that nothing in the world could be taken for granted. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop's famous saying \"Gratitude is the sign of noble souls\" and tell him to accord the greatest importance to it.
UNIT 6
Text A The Last Leaf
I. Vocabulary:
i)
1. masterpieces 2. fragile 3. fancy 4. nonsense 5. ling to 6. endure
7. acute 8. whistle 9. mock 10. subtracted 11. Sin 12. flutter/fluttering
ii)
1. give in/ give up 2. figure up 3. sized up 4. wiped out 5. pulling up
6. wear away 7. sit up 8. hear of / about
iii)
1. usually stand out in childhood memories.
2. a joint bachelor’s degree program in environmental studies together with Duke University.
3. still stalks the country.
4. scarcely any surface water in the desert.
5. for change in the election law is so persistent that both houses have promised to consider it.
iv)
1. dreary, mingled with, not to excess, a merry
2. called to us, in a whisper, in tune with
3. backward, wet through, won’t hear of
4. turn loose your
II.
1. He went to Paris on business last month.
2. The train to Brussels goes at 2:25 p.m.
3. As soon as they arrived at the meadow, the shepherd let the sheep go.
4. We went ( or will go) exploring together in the mountains.
5. Let’s go and have a drink in the bar.
6. The store is going to close up soon.
7. South Koreans went crazy when their soccer players beat the Spanish team in the quarter-finals.
8. When the mother came out of the house, she found her children gone.
III. Usage:
1. a little white wooden house
2. long, curly red hair
3. a large old round table
4. a cheap Indian restaurant
5. a huge cool chocolate ice-cream
6. rapid technological advance
7. a handsome young Chinese American
IV. Comprehensive Exercises
1. Cloze
1. in tune 2. Scarcely 3. in a whisper 4. cling to 5. merry
6. sat up 7. nonsense 8. fancy 9.
sin 10.masteripiece
1. mission 2. involve 3. jail 4. not 5. collect
6. deliver 7. beautiful 8. vacation 9. need 10. small
V. Translation:
i)
1. The red house stands out against the old trees that reach high up to the sky.
2. The salary in // for my new job is great, but for the rest, I’m not satisfied.
3. The waters of the two streams mingle near our village.
4. We should not mock at other people’s religious beliefs.
5. The curtains of the room are not quite in tune with the style of the furniture.
ii)
Here and there we see young artists who stand out from other people. They may be in worn-out jeans all the year round, or walk barefoot // in bare feet even in winter, or drink to excess, or cling to the fancy of creating a masterpiece without actually doing any creative work.
Text B Night Watch
1. Comprehension Check
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A
2. Translation
1. 他被急急送到机场，刚好赶上唯一一架或许能让他赶到垂危老父身边的飞机。
2．前一夜，老人突发严重的心脏病，被用了大量镇静剂，此刻神志只是部分清醒。
3．每次护士来到病房，士兵总是在那儿，但他没有注意她，也没有注意夜晚医院里
的嘈杂声--- 氧气罐的叮当声，夜班医护人员互相打招呼时的笑声，其他病人的
叫喊声，呻吟声和大鼾声。
4．他以一种极富人情味的方式证明了世间有人关心别人的境遇。
3．Language Practice:
a) Match the definitions in Column B with the words and phrases in Column B
1. f 2. c 3. a 4. g 5. b 6. e 7. h 8. d
b) Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen form the box. Change the form where necessary.
1. conscious 2. outline 3. enables 4. moans 5. started off
6. cut … short 7. serial 8. toughen 9. Military 10. pulled out
11. collapsed 12. encouragement
Model Note:
Dear Professor Brown,
My father has written to say that my cousin is seriously ill with pneumonia.
According to her doctor, she has only one chance in ten. At such a distressing time I long to be by her bedside and do what I can to comfort and console her. May I ask for leave for a day or two? I’ll be obliged to you if my application is granted.
UNIT 7
Text A Life of a Salesman
I. Vocabulary
1. disabled, impatient, solitary, crushed, feel like, lashed, echoing, paused, betrayed, laundry, section, tilted
2. cared for
hang on
was laid up with
are gaining on
kicked up
went off
drop…off
straighten out
3. sometimes didn’t register with her.
in disorder, drawers pulled out, shoes and boots scattered.
was transferred from Father’s account to my account.
a pledge to contribute 100,000 dollars to the Children in Need charity campaign.
The most profitable business in that province.
4. gaining on, off balance, was laid up in, scar on
a cripple/crippled, sugery, limitations, in literature
commission, on the phone, his territory, never registers with
II. Usage
1. I never did go over these books, although I probably should
have.
2. I know this is a personal question. You don’t have to answer me if you
don’t want to.
3. I think this topic should have attracted far more attention from philosopher than it has.
4. “I think you’re right.” ---“I’m sure I am.”
5. “He thought that the comdition was hereditary in his case.”---“well, it might be.”
6. “Sugar?”---“No. Maybe next time.”
7. The house is only a building. It is a place to live, nothing more.
8. DIANE: You didn’t! Tell me you didn’t!
FATHER: Oh, yes. Anything for my children.
III. Word Family
bored, boredom, bored, boringly, boring
encouraged, encouragingly, encouraging, encouragement
frozen, freeze, freezing, freezer, freeze
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
off, feet, signature, commission, on the phone, laid up, surgery, territory, disorder, applying for, dignity, didn’t, read, come, money, because, earning, doing, own, Obviously, value
II. Translation
1. Translate the sentences into English, using the words or phrases in brackets.
1) I grew terribly scared when I heard sound of footsteps echoing round the hallway at midnight yesterday.
2) The name-brand sports shoes are guaranteed for 12 months.
3) Snowstorms threw communications and transportation into disorder.
4) I’ve been suffering a lot of stress from work altely. I feel like taking a vacation at the seaside.
5)Living in an apartment is all right, but it has its limitations---for example, you don’t have your own garden.
2. Translate the passage into English, using the words or phrases given below.
Tom was born a cripple, with one of his lower limbs useless. Early in his childhood, he learned that unless he so exerted himself as to rise above his limitations, he could not earn a living, and unless he succeeded in making a living on his own, he could not win/gain the respect of others. That was the price he had to pay for his dignity as a human being.
Tom applied for numerous jobs, only to be turned down, before he finally got one as a delivery boy for a Pizza Hut. He then worked as a sales representative for a sportwear company in a territory no one else would want. Today he owns a fairly profitable retail shop in his hometown, and hires several people to work for him
UNIT 8
Text A Human Cloing: A Scientist’s Story
Language Sense Enhancement
1. in some way
make the most of
individual
replicated
roadmap
in place
result from
dissuade
Quite honestly
legislate
Language Focus
I.
1.
1)complications 2)tremendous 3)brilliant 4)analysis 5)transplant transplant 6)In a sense 7)consented 8)In some ways 9)eyesight 10)in reality 11)implanted 12)procedures
2.
1) focus on 2)come forward 3)result from 4)go through 5)carry out 6)work on 7)feed on 8)settled over
3.
1)resulted from a childhood illness.
2)was condemned by the trade unions as endangering jobs.
3)in place, even those with persistent, long-term mental illnesses can usually learn to manage their symptoms and live productive lives.
4)but apparently showed disapproval of his behavior.
5)you should make the most of any advice which you can get from the interviewer.
4.
1)misconceptions
potential
make the most of
2)donated
contentious issue
and opponents
3)a fraud
in some ways
condemn him
II.
1)permission to adopt her
2)a willingness to restart peace talks
3)failure to find meaning in life
4)his determination to realize his ideals
5)attempt to blow up the bridge
6)an opportunity to pursue a college degree
III.
1)Do you consider it any good continuing your investigations?
2)It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
3)I owe it to you that I have been able to get back to my studies.
4)It is no good bothering about such a trifle.
5)It won’t do you any good to hide your sickness for fear of treatment.
6)We all think it a pity to give up the experiment half way.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1. Test-related
1)issue 2)contentious 3)clones 4)potential 5)condemn 6)misconceptions 7)opponents 8)results from 9)come forward 10)donated
2. Theme-related
1)prospect 2)intention 3)Despite 4)developing 5)publish 6)condemned 7)among 8)standpoint 9)standard 10)rejection
II. Translation
1.
1)Medical experts debated whether the cloning of human beings should be permitted and what its potential effects on society might be.
2)Eighty-five per cent of the people in the local area are in full-time employment; only3% describe themselves as unemployed.
3)The departments concerned in China will speed up legislation to protect rights of migrant workers.
4)In recent years, some psychologists have tried to explain intelligence from a biological standpoint.
5)The global financial crisis has had a huge impact on that country’s export industry. In no more than six months, many factories have closed down by necessity.
2.
Dolly the sheep resulted from a cloning experiment by a group of Scottish scientists in 1997. A fierce debate on human cloning has ever since been going on. This contentious issue had focused on ethical and social implications of the technology: what the technology might do to the very meaning of human reproduction, child rearing, individuality, et cetera.
The majority of scientists are adamantly opposed to reproductive cloning and
support therapeutic cloning for treating diseases. The reason is that therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in human beings. Scientists believe that with policies and monitoring in place to ensure that therapeutic cloning is used safely, we canal benefit from this procedure.
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